ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ
21°05′38″N 7°11′17″E / 21.09375°N 7.1881°E / 21.09375; 7.1881
ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ 30,370,000 ⴽⵎ²
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ 1,225,080,510[ 1]
ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔⴼ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵏ
ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ 36,4 ⵣⴷⵖ /ⴽⵎ²
ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ UTC−01:00 , UTC±00:00 , AMS+01:00 , UTC+02:00 , UTC+03:00 d UTC+04:00
ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ 54
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ 6% ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ 20% ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ (ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ). ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ 30 415 873 ⴽⵎ² ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⵎⴽ ⵏⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ). ⵙ 1,225,080,510[ 1] ⴰⵙⵢⴰ , ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 16,4% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016. ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.
ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ.
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵍ , ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ).[ 2] [ 3] ⴰⴼⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵜ Afar (ⴰⴼⴰⵔ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ "ⴰⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ"[ 4] [ 5] ⴰⴼⵔⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ (ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ: ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ) ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ.[ 6] [ 6]
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ|ⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ]] ⴳ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ , ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴼⵔⴰⵏ (ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ) ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ .[ 7]
ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ , ⵜⴳⴰ ⵇⴰⵕⵟⴰⵊ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵇⵕⵟⴰⵊⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ 146 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.[ 8] -ⴽⴰ (-ca) ⵏⵖ -ⵉⴽⴰ (-ica), ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ (Latin suffix) ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.
ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ ⴼⵍⴰⴼⵢⵓⵙ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼⵓⵙ (Ant. 1.15) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵔ (Epher), ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ , ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ.
ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵉⵣⵉⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵛⴱⵉⵍⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ (Etymologiae XIV.5.2) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ (ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ / Aprica ), ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⴽ (ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ) .
ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⴼⵔⵓⵢⵜ 1976[ 9] (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵓⵙ) "ⴰⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Umbrian), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴹⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ (rainy wind). ⴷⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵅⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵙ "ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵊⵢⴰ" ⵏⵉⵖ "ⴱⴰⵏⵊⵡⴰⵏⴰ" (ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ)
ⴰⵣⵎⵣⴰⴷ ⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴷⵉⴽⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵏⵓⵥⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ (ⵜⵉⵕⵓⴱⵓⴷⴰ), ⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵏⵓⵥⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ prosauropods,ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵏⵓⵥⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ornithischian
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ
ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ , ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !
ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ , ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !
ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ , ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !
ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ , ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !
ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ , ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !
ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ , ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !
ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴱⵓⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ . ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ , ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵡⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 163 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ.[ 10] ⵜⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ , ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵉⵚⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ)[ 11]
ⵙⴳ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⵏ ⵙⴰⵇⵇⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ (37°21' ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⴽⵉⴱ ⴰⴳⵓⵍⵀⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ (34°51'15 ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ), ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 8,000 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ (5,000 ⵎⵉⵍ);[ 12] ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ (34°51'15" ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⵔⴰⵙ ⵀⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵚⵓⵎⴰⵍ (51°27'52" ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ), ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 7,400 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ (4,600 ⵎⵉⵍ).[ 13]
ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 2,381,741 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ 1,865,813 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵉⵛⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ.[ 14] ⴳⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ.
CEN-SAD
COMESA
EAC
ECCAS
ECOWAS
IGAD
SADC
UMA
ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ (ⵍⵓⵎⵔ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴷⴰ ), ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ , ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ[ 15] ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2003 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ 151 ⴷ 175 ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ.[ 16]
ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⴳ ⵙⵙⴽⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ (ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ).[ 17] ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ . ⵜⴳⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ :
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Afroasiatic) ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 240 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ 285 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⴽ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵙⵙⵉⵃⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ.
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Nilo-Saharan) ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ 30 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵛⴰⴷ , ⵉⵜⵓⴱⵢⴰ , ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ , ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ , ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ , ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ , ⵓⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ , ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ .
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Niger-Congo) ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ (Sub-Saharan Africa). ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Khoisan) ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ 400.000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ.[ 18] ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ, ⵙⵙⵏⵚⴱⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ , ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: Swahili, Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa). ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⵉⵣ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰ.
ⴼⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ,[ 19] [ 20] ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ , ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ 45% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵏ 40% ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ 15% ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵏ , ⵉⴱⴰⵀⴰⵢⵏ , ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ .
ⴷⴰⴽⴰⵔ , ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⴱⵉ , ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵊⵓⵀⴰⵏⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ , ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ
↑ 1.0 1.1 https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/ ↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ) Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918).
"Afri" . In Georges, Heinrich. Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch (8th ed.). Hannover. Retrieved 20 September 2015…
↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles 1879.
Afer A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Venter & Neuland, NEPAD and the African Renaissance (2005), p. 16
↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Names of countries , Decret and Fantar, 1981.
↑ 6.0 6.1 (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)
Geo. Babington Michell, "The Berbers" , Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 2, No. 6 (January 1903), pp. 161–94.
↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ)
Edward Lipinski, Itineraria Phoenicia , Peeters Publishers, 2004, p. 200. ISBN 90-429-1344-4
↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) "Consultsos.com etymology"
↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) in Revue de Philologie 50, 1976: pp. 221–38.
↑ ⴷⵔⴰⵢⴷⵉⵍ, ⴰⵍⵉⵙⴷⴰⵢ & ⴱⵍⵉⴽ ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵍⴷ. (1985) ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ , ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵓⴽⵙⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ISBN 0-19-503538-0
↑ Atlas - Xpeditions @ nationalgeographic.com National Geographic Society . 2003↑ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵏⵣ. (1924) ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ , ⴽⵍⴰⵔⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰ
↑ ISBN 0-87779-546-0 ↑ ⵀⵓⵡⵔ ⴱⵉⵏ. (2002) ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⴽⵉⵏⴳⴼⵉⵛⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵔⴰⴳ ⴽⵉⵏⴳⴼⵉⵛⵔ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 11 ISBN 0-7534-5569-2
↑ ⵔⵉⵜⵛⴰⵔⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⴱⵔⵓⴽ, ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴼⵜⵉⴽⵜ , ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ. 1985 ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ
↑ http://hdr.undp.org/ , ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ 16-03-2018↑ "ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ" . ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ. 2005↑ "Khoisan Languages" . The Language Gulper . 27 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2017.↑ "ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ" . 09-05-2008↑ "Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere" . Normitsu Onishi . The New York Times Company. 09-03-2009
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