ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| language family | |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ  |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | non-territorial languages of France |
| Indigenous to | ⵜⴰⵎⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ |
| Linguistic typology | verb–subject–object, isolating language, fusional language |
| ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ | https://artsandculture.google.com/story/tamazight/6wXxMxu7fPsWdA?hl=en |
| Related category | Category:Berber languages pronunciation |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜⓘ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ[1][2][3][4][5][6] ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⵊⵔ.
ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ, ⴰⵎⵔ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵏⵉⵊⵔ, ⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵄⵕⵕⴱ.
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⵇⵇⴱⵓⵕ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ.
ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ (المملكة المغربية) ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ; ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ.
ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ (ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ) ⵏⵉⵖ (الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية) ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⵎ, ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⵊⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.
ⵜⵓⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵔ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵓⵏⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵏⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵄⵕⴱ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵄⵕⴱ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ. ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⴷⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2009 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵏⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵅⴼ 60% ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵏⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴹⵕ ⵇⵕⵟⴰⵊ, ⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵓⵏⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵏⴼⵉⴷⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵏⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵍⴼⴰⵔⴰⵛⵉⵛ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵚⵕⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ (ⵙⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴼⴰⵇⵚ), ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⵟⵍⴰⵚ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵏⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵖⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵄⴽⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵅⵣⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵖⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵊⴱⴰⵍⵉⵢⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ, ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ: ⵍⵃⵉⵚⵕ, ⵎⵇⵄⴷ, ⵉⵏⴼⵣⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⴽⵏⴰ, ⴱⵊⴰⵡⴰ, ⵍⵃⵏⴰⵏⵛⴰ, ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵍⴰ, ⵓⵍⴰⴷ ⵄⵉⵢⴰⵔ, ⵡⴰⵔⵜⵍⴰⵏ, ⵍⴱⵔⴰⵇⴰ, ⴽⴰⵙⵔⴰ, ⵀⵡⴰⵔⴰ, ⵛⴰⵔⵏ, ⵣⵖⴰⵍⵎⴰ... ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 500,000 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵎⵟⵎⴰⵟⴰ, ⵜⴰⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵕⴱⴰ, ⴳⴰⴱⵙ, ⴳⴼⵚⴰ, ⵜⵉⴳⵚⵕⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴽⵕⵓⵏⴰ, ⴽⵙⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵅⴰⵎⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵓ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ.
ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵟⵕⴰⴱⵍⵚ.
ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⵜ; ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⵡⴰⴽⵛⵓⵟ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵟⵍⴰⵚ, ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ.
ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵜⴰⵥⵏⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ.
ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵏⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 600 000 ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ[7]. ⵙ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ, ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ, ⵅⴼⴰⵡⵍⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⵉⵏ,ⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵏⴽⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵀⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵊⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵙ".
ⵎⴰⵍⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴼⴼⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ 7 ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵓⵏⴹⵕⵉ ⴱⴰⵚⵉ.
ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵎⵉ ⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ.
ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ Tarifit) ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⴼ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⵔ 3 ⴰⵔ 4 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ.
ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ: Taqbaylit) ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵎⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⵓ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ (ⵍⵓⵎⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ). ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 3,5 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴳ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ (ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ).
ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵜⵉⵜ
ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵣ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ. ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵜ. ⵜⴳ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵏⴰⵜⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵣⵏⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ . ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1985 ⵖ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⵡⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵜⵜⴰⴼ. ⵍⵄⵡⴰⵢⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⵓⴷ ⵎⵄⴰⵎⵔⵉ. ⵜⵜⵓⵇⵢⵢⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ UNESCO
- ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵡⵉⵜ
ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴹⴼⵔ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ
- ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⴱⵜ
ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵣ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜⴰⵜ ⵖⵔⴷⴰⵢⴰ .
ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵜ
ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵖ (ⵊⴰⴱⴰⵍ ⵏⴰⴼⴼⵓⵙⴰ)ⵖ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ. ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴷⵔⵏ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵍ-ⵇⴷⴷⴰⴼⵉ ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⴹⵍ. ⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 150 000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ (Iso 639-3) ⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ: ⵊⴱⵏ. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵛⴰⵎⵉⵜⵓ ⵙⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⵣ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵉⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵎⵏⵛⴽ ⴰⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵉⵛⵏⵓⴱⵛⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵣ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⴰⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵏⴰⵃⴰⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⵉⵙⵏⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵏⵉⵛⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵖⵡⴰⵏⵉⵛ ⵜⴰⴳⵡⴰⵏⵛⵉⵜ
ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]| ⴰ | ⴱ | ⴳ | ⴳⵯ | ⴷ | ⴹ | ⴼ | ⴽ | ⴽⵯ | |
| a اَ | b ب | g | g° | d د | ḍ ض | e | f ف | k ك | k° |
| ⵀ | ⵃ | ⵄ | ⵅ | ⵇ | ⵉ | ⵊ | ⵍ | ⵎ | ⵏ |
| h ه | ḥ ح | ε ع | x (kh) | q ق | i اِ | j ج | l ل | m م | n ن |
| ⵓ | ⵔ | ⵕ | ⵖ | ⵙ | ⵚ | ⵛ | ⵜ | ⵟ | ⵡ |
| u اُ | r ر | ṛ | ɣ (gh) غ | s س | ṣ ص | c ش | t ت | ṭ ط | w و |
| ⵢ | ⵣ | ⵥ | |||||||
| y ي | z ز | ẓ | |||||||
ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2003 ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ; ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ) ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ;
ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵙⵅⴷⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵟⴰⵡⴰⵔⵉⵇ
ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ. ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵏⴰⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ.
ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵖⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ (ar) الحسن بن محمد الوزان الفاسي .ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ: وصف إفريقيا ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ (1526), ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2. بيروت, لبنان دار الغرب الإسلامي. ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 39 (ⴳⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏⵏⴽ/ⵏⵏⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ)
- ^ (ar) أبي عبد الله الشطيبي (1470 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ). كتاب الجمان في مختصر أخبار الزمان. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 358
- ^ (en) James Cowels Prichard. The Natural History of Man (1843). ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 263
- ^ (de) Stuhlmann, Franz. Die Mazigh-völker. L. Friederichsen & co, 1914
- ^ (en) Hornemann, Friedrich, 1772-1800. The journal of Frederick Horneman's travels, from Cairo to Mourzouk, the capital of the kingdom of Fezzan, in Africa, in the years 1797-8. London: G. and W. Nicol, 1802.ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 190
- ^ (de) Karl Friedrich Heusinger. Zeitschrift für die organische Physik, Volume 1. Université d'Oxford. 1827. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ: 802-803-804
- ^ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵏⵉⵊⵔ.https://adsdatabase.ohchr.org/IssueLibrary/NIGER_Constitution.pdf