ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ
ⴰⵏⵙⵓⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ |
ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ: 39 |
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ⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ● ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔⵏ ● ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ● ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ● ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ● Read in English | |
ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: جامع الكتبية المراكشي ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉⵜ ⴼ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵊⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⴹⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷⴷ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ, ⵜⵟⵟⴼ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴼ ⵍⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵉ ⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ. ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⴽⵓⵜⵓⴱⵉⵢⴰ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ (ⵍⵅⵍⵉⴼⵜ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵎⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⴳⵓⵎⵎⵉ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1147, ⴼ ⵉⵅⵯⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⵟⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵔⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵥⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1158, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⵏⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵄⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵃⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵍⵅⵉⵔⴰⵍⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⴱⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵚⴱⵃⴰⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⵡⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 741 ⵎ.ⵜ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙ 8 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 9 ⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 757–976 ⵎⵏ.ⵜ.
ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ. ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵏ ⵉⵚⵓⴼⵔⵉⵜⵏ.ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵜⵜ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (ⵙⴳ 757 ⴰⵔ 772 ⴷ.ⵜ). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴹⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵯⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵣⴷⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⴷⵊⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ ⴼ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵔⵉⵊⵜ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ, ⴼ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵣⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵄⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵣⵖⵕⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴼⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵔⵉⴼⵉ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵥⵥⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵅⵅⵓⵢⵏ, ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⵓ ⵇⴰⵙⵉⵎ ⵙⵎⴽⵓ.
ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ
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ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵣⵡⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ: ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵔⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ, ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ. ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵀⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ. ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵏⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ 1948, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵚⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ. ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴳⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴹⵓⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ.
ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ
ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⵓ, ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ: ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ, ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵡⵡⵓ. ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1934 ⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ; ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵟⵟⵓ", ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⴱⵛⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴼⵉ , ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989 ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⵙⵉ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵉⵢⵣⴳⴰⵔⵏ (ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993), ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1993 ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⴽⴰ. ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ " ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ", ⵄⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ.
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ⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ?
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵒⵉⴷⵢⴰ (Wikipedia ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ (291 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015). ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2001. ⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, "ⵡⵉⴽⵉ" ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴱⵣⵔⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "encyclopedia". ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵃⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 7 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 40 (ⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵙ 300 (ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ) ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2014 (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵥⵕⴰ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 18 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 500 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⴱⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ.
ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ
- ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ ⵙⵜⵔⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 19 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2026, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵛⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
- ⵀⴰⵏ ⵙⵢⵓⵏⴳ ⵙⵓⴽ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ.
- ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ 1 - 0 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴼⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⵟⵓⵕⵉⵚ.
- ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ" ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵙⵓⵏ.
ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ) ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴽⵡⵉⴽⵏⵀⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 3000 ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵀⵍⵎⵓⵙ ⵓ ⵏⴰⵙⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ 1574, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 100 ⴰⵔ 400 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ/ⵎⵕⵚⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴼⵢⵉⵍⴷ ⵓ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ?
- ... ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⵉ ⴽⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ, ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1903 ⴷ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1911?
ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
| ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷ: ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔⴰ: ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴱⴰⵡ. |
ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 12 270 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ. ⵉⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⵏⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴷ (ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ) ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵓ, ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ, ⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ.
ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⴰⵡⵉ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
ⴰⵍⴰⵏⴳⵡⴰ ⵍⵉⴱⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⵜⵓⴷⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⵏⵣ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⴽⵉⵜⵏ
ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ