ⵉⵎⵚⵎⵓⴹⵏ
| ⵉⵎⵚⵎⵓⴷⵏ | |
|---|---|
| ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ | |
| ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |
| ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |
| ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ | |
| ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ | |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ | ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ  | |
ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵚⵎⵓⴷⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: مصمودة) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵊⴰⵏⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ.[1] ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ.
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ, ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖⵎⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 10, ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵊⴰⵏⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ. ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵉⵕⵃⵃⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 12 ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 12, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵡⵃⵃⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ.[2] ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ.[3]
ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⵓ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 12, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴼ ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵉⵖⵯⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵉⴱⵔⵖⵡⴰⵟⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ.[3] ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ) ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ Mafāxir al-Barbar ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ 1312,[4] ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ: ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ, ⵉⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⵏ, ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵣⵎⵉⵔⵏ (ⵉⵣⵎⵔⴰⵡⵏ?), ⵉⴳⴷⵎⵉⵡⵏ, ⵉⵏⴳⵏⴼⵉⵙ, ⵉⵍⵉⵣⵔⴳⵏ (هزرجة), ⵉⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ (هنتاتة), ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵖⵓⵙ (ماغوسة), ⵉⵜⵃⵍⴰⵡⵏ.[5]
ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵖⵯⵎⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 11: ⴰⵥⵥⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵍⵇⵚⵕ ⵍⴽⴱⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵡⵣⵣⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵙⴱⵜⴰ.
ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ (ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ) ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⵖ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏ: ⵉⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴳⵉⵔ, ⵉⵣⵎⵉⵔⵏ, ⵉⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⵏ, ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ.[3]ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ (ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ) ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ. ⵖ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ, ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵜ: ⵉⴳⵍⵉⵡⴰ, ⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ (?), ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵊⵏ, ⴰⵥⵥⴰⴷⵏ (ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴼⵉⵡⵏ, ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵖⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵖⴰⵖ), ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵏ (ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵖⴰⵢⵏ), ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵉⵥⵓⴷⵏ (صودة), ⵉⴳⴷⵎⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵏⴼⵉⵙ (ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵙⴰⵡⵏ), ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⴰⵡⵣⴳⵉⵜ (ⵜⵉⴼⵏⵓⵜ).[3] ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵜ: ⵉⵙⴽⵯⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵖⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 12 ⵍⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ.[3]
ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵔⵏ (هسكورة), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵡⵃⵃⵉⴷⵜ. ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵜ: ⵉⵣⵎⵔⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⵔⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵖⵯⵊⴷⴰⵎⵏ, ⵉⵏⴼⴹⵡⴰⴽ, ⵉⵎⵚⵟⴰⵡⵏ (?), ⵉⵏⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⵜⵉⴼⵜ.[3]
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ Nelson, Harold D. (1985). Morocco, a country study. Area handbook series. Washington, D.C.: The American University. p. 14.
- ^ Nelson 19-20
- ^ a b c d e f Colin, G.S. (1991). "Maṣmūda". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 741–744. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
- ^ Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P., eds. (2012). "Kitāb Mafāk̲h̲ir al-Barbar". Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition (online ed.). Brill. ISBN 9789004161214.
- ^ unknown (2005) [1312]. مفاخر البربر [The Glories of the Berbers] (in ⵜⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ). Morocco: دار أبي رقراق للطباعة والنشر. p. 172. ISBN 978-9954-423-46-2.
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