ⴰⵏⴰⵙ
| ⴰⵏⴰⵙ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, simple substance, chalcophile element | |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | material, medication, metal  |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | copper proteins, period 4, group 11 |
| Has use | ecological crop protection, copper conductor, heat sink |
| Named after | Cyprus |
| Associated hazard | copper exposure, copper toxicity |
| Color | copper |
| Has effect | copper exposure |
| Time of discovery or invention | 7. millennium BCE |
| Element symbol | Cu |
| Chemical formula | Cu |
| Canonical SMILES | [Cu] |
| NIOSH Pocket Guide ID | 0150 |
| Subject has role | trace metal |
| Unicode character | 銅 |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⴰⵏⴰⵙ (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ: Cuprum) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Cu, ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 29. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ, ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵇⵇⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵃⵔⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵍⵜⵛⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵡⴰⵖ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ (ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ). ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 8000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⴷⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵖ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥⵉ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ, ⴷⴰ ⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ. ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ.[1]
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳⵜ (ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ). ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 9000 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵍⵄⵉⵔⴰⵇ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ, ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ 8700 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.[2] ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⴽⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⴷⵉⵜ, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 5000 ⴷ.ⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ.
ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ ⴰⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ. ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 3300 ⴷ.ⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.[3] ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵙⴰⴼ.
ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵣⴰⴼ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ. ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵉⵢⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ. ⵉⵙⵎ "cuprum" ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ "aes cyprium", ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵇⵓⴱⵕⵓⵚ".[4] ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰ, ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ.
ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⴰⵥⵕⴼ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵇⵇⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ.[5] ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ. ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ 8.96 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵜⵛⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵖⴷⵓⴷⴷⵉ.
ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴹⴰⵕⵓⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵢⵏ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵊⵔ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉ.[6] ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ +1 (ⴰⵏⴰⵙ 1) ⴷ +2 (ⴰⵏⴰⵙ 2).
ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ.
ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ.[7] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ (ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ), ⴷ ⵓⵍⵡⵉⵡⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ), ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴷⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵉⴷⵔⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ. ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴹⴰⵚⵜ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵜⵉⵙⵕⵥⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵙⴼ.[8]
ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ (alloys) ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ.
- ⴰⴱⵕⵓⵏⵥ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⵍⵍⵓⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⵉⵏⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ.
- ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵥⵥⵏⴳ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴷⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⴳⵏ.
- ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴽⵍ: ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴽⵍ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵉⵎⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵍⴰⵊⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ.[9] ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵙⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴰⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢⵏ.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ "Copper Development Association". copper.org.
- ^ "Copper - World History Encyclopedia". worldhistory.org.
- ^ "Bronze Age". National Geographic.
- ^ "Copper (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
- ^ Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition. CRC press. p. 4-12. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
- ^ "Copper - Element information, properties and uses". Royal Society of Chemistry.
- ^ "Copper - Uses, Properties, & Facts". Geology.com.
- ^ "Why Copper is One of the Most Versatile Materials in Architecture". ArchDaily.
- ^ "Copper - Health Professional Fact Sheet". National Institutes of Health.
- ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)
| →↓ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
| 1 | 1 H |
2 He | |||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 3 Li |
4 Be |
5 B |
6 C |
7 N |
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne | |||||||||||
| 3 | 11 Na |
12 Mg |
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar | |||||||||||
| 4 | 19 K |
20 Ca |
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
28 Ni |
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
36 Kr | |
| 5 | 37 Rb |
38 Sr |
39 Y |
40 Zr |
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
49 In |
50 Sn |
51 Sb |
52 Te |
53 I |
54 Xe | |
| 6 | 55 Cs |
56 Ba |
* |
71 Lu |
72 Hf |
73 Ta |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
78 Pt |
79 Au |
80 Hg |
81 Tl |
82 Pb |
83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
86 Rn |
| 7 | 87 Fr |
88 Ra |
* * |
103 Lr |
104 Rf |
105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
110 Ds |
111 Rg |
112 Cn |
113 Nh |
114 Fl |
115 Mc |
116 Lv |
117 Ts |
118 Og | ||
| ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lanthanides | * |
57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb |
||||
| Actinides | * * |
89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
||||