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ⴱⵓⴱⴰⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ

ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
(ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴱⵓⴱⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ)
ⴱⵓⴱⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:
ⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ
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ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ 1890
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ 1942
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰ
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ

ⴱⵓⴱⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ (ⵙ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ: Bubakr Anccad) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ.ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵣⵓ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ[1].

ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴱⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 19 ⵏⴳⵔ 1975ⴰⵔ 1990. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵛⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⴰ, ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ.

ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ ⵣⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵎⵓⴳⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⴼⵏⴰ. ⵉⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵃⵡⴰⵛ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⵃⴰⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵙ ⵎⵓⵃ ⴽⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵙ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵛⴰ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1931 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1940[2].

ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⵛⵛⴰⵎⵅⵄⴱⴷⵍⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⵉⴽⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵉⵣⵏⵣⴰⵔⵏⵓⴷⴰⴷⵏ. ⵉⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ, ⵣⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ:

  • ⴰⵀⵡⴰⵡⵉ
  • ⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔ
  • ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ
  • ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ
  • ⵓⴷⴰⴷ
  • ⴰⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ
  • ⵉⵔⴱⵉ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎ
  • ⴰⵜⴰⵢ

ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⵓⴱⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1940ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20.