ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ

ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ
ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵔⵉⴳⵜ
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ  35°50′41″N 103°27′07″E
ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ	ⴱⵉⴽⵉⵏ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵉⵏ	Standard Chinese, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ, languages of China, Putonghua
ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ	ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ   (33) ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ WTO Shanghai Cooperation Organisation G20 APEC International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Development Association International Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes African Development Bank United Nations–African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur ASEAN Regional Forum Asian Development Bank Caribbean Development Bank United Nations Security Council ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ Nuclear Suppliers Group Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons International Hydrographic Organization ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ Group on Earth Observations Union postale universelle UPU International Telecommunication Union International Civil Defence Organisation World Meteorological Organization WHO ⴱⵕⵉⴽⵙ states with nuclear weapons BRIC Antarctic Treaty System World Customs Organization Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ
ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ	Xi Jinping
ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ	one-party state, democratic centralism, parliamentary republic, unitary state, constitutional republic, communist dictatorship, republic
ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ	President of the People's Republic of China
ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ
ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ	Li Qiang
ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ	State Council of the People's Republic of China
ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ	Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China, Supreme People's Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China
ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ	National People's Congress, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
ⴰⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼ	National People's Congress, Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ	1949
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ	9 596 961 ⴽⵎ²
ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ	ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ
ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ	ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ   (18) Mongolia ⴽⴰⵣⴰⵅⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⵔⵖⵉⵣⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵟⴰⵊⵉⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ Nepal ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⵎⴰⵕ Laos ⴼⵢⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏ Soviet Union Taiwan
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ	ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡ	Ayding Lake
ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵊⵢⵓⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉ	1814991
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ
ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ	▲ 1 442 965 000 (2021) ⵙ ⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ: 720 646 499 (2022) ⵜⵉⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ: 691 528 501 (2022)
ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ	901 991 162 (2020)
ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ	509 787 562 (2020)
ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ	150,36 ⵣⴷⵖ/ⴽⵎ²
ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ	79 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (2022)
ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ	18 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏ	6,7 (2019)
ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ
ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ	2022
ⴰⵖⵔⵓⴷ	▲ 17,96 ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ $
ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ
ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ	renminbi
ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ	中国人民银行
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴳⴰⵏⵜ (VAT)	13%
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ
ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ	▲ 0,768 (2021)
ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴷⴰⴼ	36 883 (2022)
ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ	5% (2014)
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵏⵉ
ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ	38,2 (2019)
ⵜⵉⵏⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ
ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ	+86
ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ	119, 110, 120
ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ	CN
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⵉⴽⵓⴷ	🇨🇳
ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ	412, 413, 414
ⴰⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ	.cn, .中国, .中國, .公司
ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ
ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴷⴰⵀ	ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ
ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ	ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ
ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⴱ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ	english.www.gov.cn
ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏ	ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ   (4) China Standard Time UTC+08:00 Asia/Shanghai Asia/Urumqi
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ

ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1.338 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵛⵓⵢⵓⵄⵉ ⴰⵛⵏⵡⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ. ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 222 ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ (ⴱⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⵏⵊⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵛⴰⵏⴳⵀⴰⵢ ⵜⵛⵓⵏⴳⵜⵛⵉⵏⴳ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴽⵉⵏ.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⴰⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵣⵉ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴱⴰⵍⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉ (ⵣⵖ 2 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ 10000 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ). ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⴼⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ , ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵛⴰⵏⴳ Shang ⴷ ⴷⵊⵓⵡ Zhou  ⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵣ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⵓⵙⵉ. ⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵍ ⵜⵉⵕⵥⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴷⵊⵓⵡ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⴷ  ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵢⵜ. ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 221 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⵖⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵉⴼⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵏ Han Tang ⵎⵉⵏⴳ Ming ⴷ ⵜⵜⵛⵏⴳ Qing.

ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ 9.6 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵉⵏ (ⵊⵓⴱⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵎⴽⴰⵏ) ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⴳⵓⵍⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵍⴰⵡⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵎⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ , ⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵀⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ.

ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉ

ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵛⵔⵛⵓⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 6,0000 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵏ (ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵉⵏ). ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵛⵢⴰ (ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 2000 ⴷ.ⵜ) ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 221 ⴷ.ⵜ. ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ (ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵛⵉⵏⴳ) ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1911 , ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵎⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⴳ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ. ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴽⵓⵎⵢⴰⵜⴰⵏⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵓⵢⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ. ⵜⵢⴽⵎⵎⵍ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵓⵖ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1949 ⴰⵙⵎⵉ ⵏⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵛⵓⵢⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.