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ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⵀⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ, ⵜⵉⵖⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵡⵙ ⵊⵉⵣⵉⵙ ⴳ 1892

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ (ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ἱστορία, ⵀⵉⵙⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ "ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ, ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ")[1] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ.[2][3] ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵜⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵥⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴽⵜⵜⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵣⵓⴼⵜ, ⴰⴳⵔⵓ, ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⵏⵓ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ.[4][5] ⵉⴷⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ "ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ" ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ.[4][6][7][8]

ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵔⵜⵔ), ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ "ⵓⵙⵓⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵓⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ.[9][10] ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 5 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵖ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ", ⴷ, ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷⵓⵜⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵉⴷⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵔ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ 722 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2 ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ.

ⵉⴹⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ. ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ" ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ "ⵣⵔⵉ".

ⵉⴹⵔⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⵊⵢⵓⵔⵊⵉⵙ ⵍⵉⴼⵉⴱⵔ "ⵉⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰ ⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ".[11]

  1. Joseph, Brian (Ed.); Janda, Richard (Ed.) (2008). The Handbook of Historical Linguistics. Blackwell Publishing (published 30 December 2004). p. 163. ISBN 978-1-4051-2747-9 
  2. History Definition. Retrieved on 21 January 2014.
  3. What is History & Why Study It?. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved on 21 January 2014.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Professor Richard J. Evans (2001). The Two Faces of E.H. Carr. History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?. University of London. Retrieved on 10 November 2008.
  5. Professor Alun Munslow (2001). What History Is. History in Focus, Issue 2: What is History?. University of London. Retrieved on 10 November 2008.
  6. Tosh, John (2006). The Pursuit of History (4th ed.). Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 1-4058-2351-8.  p 52
  7. "Introduction". Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives. New York & London: New York University Press. 2000. p. 6. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1. 
  8. Nash l, Gary B. (2000). "The "Convergence" Paradigm in Studying Early American History in Schools". in Peter N. Stearns. Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives. New York & London: New York University Press. pp. 102–115. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1. 
  9. Seixas, Peter (2000). "Schweigen! die Kinder!". in Peter N. Stearns. Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives. New York & London: New York University Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1. 
  10. Lowenthal, David (2000). "Dilemmas and Delights of Learning History". in Peter N. Stearns. Knowing Teaching and Learning History, National and International Perspectives. New York & London: New York University Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-8147-8141-1. 
  11. Georges Lefebvre, ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ (La naissance de l'historiographie moderne), Flammarion, 1971, p. 17.