ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ.

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ
ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ
ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ	Leonardo
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ	Anchiano
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ	15 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1452, 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1452
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	Clos Lucé, Amboise
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	2 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1519, 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1519
ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	cerebral hemorrhage
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ	Château d'Amboise
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ	Republic of Florence
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ	Republic of Florence
ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ	Venice, Firenze, ⵕⵓⵎⴰ, Firenze, Milan
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ	ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ, Catholicism
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ	ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ, Catholicism
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ	Renaissance architecture, scenography, engineering, physiology, art of painting
ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ	painter, engineer, astronomer, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, anatomist, mathematician, sculptor, polymath, architect, civil engineer, diplomat, inventor, composer, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, physiologist, botanist, chemist, zoologist, caricaturist, scientist, architectural draftsperson, designer, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, visual artist
ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ	Ludovico Sforza, Cesare Borgia
ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ	1519
ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ	High Renaissance, Renaissance
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ	Adoration of the Magi, Virgin of the Rocks, Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Lady with an Ermine, Vitruvian Man, Annunciation, Saint Jerome in the Wilderness, The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne, Saint John the Baptist, Leonardo's aerial screw, Portrait of Isabella d'Este, Head of a Woman, Salvator Mundi, Annunciation, Battle Between a Rider and a Dragon, Wreath of Laurel, Palm, and Juniper with a Scroll inscribed Virtutem Forma Decorat [reverse], Allegory on the Fidelity of the Lizard (recto); Design for a Stage Setting (verso), Codex Atlanticus (F0026), Codex Atlanticus (F0089), Codex Atlanticus (F0133), Codex Atlanticus (F0139), Codex Atlanticus (F0149), Codex Atlanticus (F0157), Codex Atlanticus (F0812), Codex Atlanticus (F0845), Codex Atlanticus (F0965), Codex Atlanticus (F1069), Codex Atlanticus (F1070), Copy of the Leonardo Da Vinci's Last Supper, Drapery Study for a Seated Figure, Studies for a Madonna with a Cat, Studies of an Old Man and a Youth (Salai?) in Profile, Facing each Other, Profile of an Old Man, Female Head, Female Head in Profile, Perspective Study for the Background of the Adoration of the Magi, Drawing of Two Heads in Profile and Studies of Machines, Study for the Virgin and Child with St Anne, Sketches for the Last Supper, and other studies, Studies of The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne and Saint John the Baptist, Design for a Scythed Chariot and Armoured Car (?), studies for the London Virgin of the Rocks, Drapery Study for the Right Arm of St Peter in the Last Supper, Study of Clasped Hands (Hands of St John), Study for the Last Supper (Judas), Study for the Last Supper (St Bartholomew), Study for the Last Supper (St James the Elder) and Architectural Sketches, Study for the Last Supper (St Philip), Sketch of a Virgin and Child with a Bowl of Fruit
ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ	Ser Piero da Vinci
ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ	Caterina di Meo Lippi
ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ	Ser Piero da Vinci, Caterina di Meo Lippi
ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ	left-handedness
ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ	University of Florence
ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ	University of Florence
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ	ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ	ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ
ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ

ⵍⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵙⵉⵔ ⴱⵉⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ: Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci) (14 ⵏⵉⵖ 15 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1452 - 2 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1519) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⵍⴰ, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵎⴽⵜ, ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ. ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ.

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵍⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵡⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴱⵉⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣⵜ. ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵍⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ. ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵍⵓⴷⵓⴼⵉⴽⵓ ⵙⴼⵓⵔⵣⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵢⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1519.

ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵍⵉⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵍⵉⵣⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵍⴰ. ⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵍⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴼⵉⵜⵔⵓⴼⵉ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ. ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵏⴷⵉ ⵜⵏⵣⴰ ⵙ 450.3 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ (450.3$) ⴳ 15 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2017, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵏⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ, ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⴰⵏⵊⵍⵓ.

ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ "ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ" ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⴼⵓ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵔⴷⵏⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ, "ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵛⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ". ⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵢ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⴷⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵏⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵣⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵓⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵥⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ, ⵓⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⴳ (ⵉ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵥⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ). ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵔⵓⵃ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⵃⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴼⴰⵔⵜ (ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⴱⵜⵔ) ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵓⵜⵡⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵊⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉⵜⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏⵜ.

ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ: ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ

'ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵢⵢⵉⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴰ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵢⴰ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴼⵉⵔⵔⵓⴽⵢⵓ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵍⵓⴷⵓⴼⵉⴽⵓ ⵙⴼⵓⵔⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏⵓ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵔⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵢⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴼⵕⵓⵏⵙⵡⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ: ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ

ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵜ

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ 14 ⵏⵉⵖ 15 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1452 ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵏⵓ (ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ). ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜⵛⵉ.

ⵢⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴳⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴱⵢⵢⵉⵔⵓ ⴼⵔⵓⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴰ. ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴰ ⴱⵓⵜⵉ ⴷⵉⵍ ⴼⴰⴽⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⵎⴱ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴽⴰⵜⵔⵉⵏⴰ ⵎⵢⵓ ⵍⵉⴱⵉ. ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ, ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⵓⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ.

ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ" ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵙⵉⵔ ⴱⵢⵢⵉⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ: Lionardo di ser Piero da Vinci), ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ "ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴱⵢⵢⵉⵔⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉ."