ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ
ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ  | ||
[[ | ||
|---|---|---|
| ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ | ||
| ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ : | 1959 | |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ : | ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⴷⴰⵍ, ⵏⴰⴹⵓⵔ | |
| ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ : | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ | |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ : | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰ, ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ | |
| ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ | ||
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ : | ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ | |
| ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ: | ⴰⵊⵊⴰⵊ 1980.
ⴰⵎⵜⵍⵓⵄ 1986 . ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵜ1997. | |
ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼⵉ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1959 ⴳ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵉ ⵢⵙⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1959 ⵖ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⴷⵍ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⴰⴹⵓⵔ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵥⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵊⴰ ⵢⴰⴼⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⴹⵉⴼⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵉⵎⴹⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵖ ⵓⴱⴰⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ. ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ, ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴷⵊⴰⵊ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵓⵏⵓⵢ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⵙⵉⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴼ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵡⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵢⴰⵇⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵉⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980 ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵊⵊⴰⵊⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⴳ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵏⵓⵣ ⵀ ⵉⵍⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⵎⴽⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵓⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴼⵜ ⵟⵉⴼⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⵙⴼⴰⵖⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵓⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵡⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴰⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ ⵢⴰⴷⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵍ ⵏ ''ⴰⵎⵜⵍⵓⵄ'' (ⵉⵏⵊⴷⵉ), ⵉⴽⴽ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ ⵢⴰⴷⵏ (ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵜ).
ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1991, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ, ⵙⵉⵖⵜ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉⴷ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1994. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴼ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵉⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵊⵊⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⴷⵊ ⵖⵔ ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ.
ⵉⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]1 ⴰⵢⴰⵜⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵢⴰⵏⴻⵏ
ⵛⴰⵔ ⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵢⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ ⵉⵢⴰⴳⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵅⵓ ⵔⵓⵎ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵏⵡⴰⵛ ⵉⵢⵉⵙⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵔⵎ ⴷⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ ⴷⵎⴰⵙⵀⵎ ⵉⵀⴰⴽⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⴷⵎ ⵉⵇⴰⴷⴰⵡⴰⵀ ⴰⵏⵙⵏ.
2 ⴷⵛⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵓ
ⵉⵙⴰⵎⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⵄⴰⵊⵊⴰⵊⵉⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵛⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵀⴰⴷⵎⵏⵜ ⵔⴰⵀⵢⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴷⵛⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⵀⴰⵔⵡⴰⴷ (1) ⴷⵉ ⵅⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵛⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵔⴰⵎⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⴰⵣⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵛⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢⴰⵄⵏ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵛⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰ ⴼⴰⴷⵊⴰⵀ ⵏ ⴷⵛⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴷⵛⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵓ ⵉⵀⴰⵏⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵢⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵛⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵓ.
ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⴰⵊⵊⴰⵊ 1980.
- ⴰⵎⵜⵍⵓⵄ 1986.
- ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵜ 1997.
ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ
- ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ
- ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ