ⵉⴷⵉⵔ

ⵉⴷⵉⵔ

ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ	ⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ ⵛⵕⵢⴰⵟ
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ	25 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1949
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ	ⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⵏⵏⵉ (ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ)
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	2 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2020
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ (ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ)
ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵔⴰ	ⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉ
ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ	ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ, ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ, ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ
ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ	ⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉ (ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕ, ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ)
ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ	ⵜⴰⴳⵉⵟⴰⵕⵜ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵏⵉⵎⵜ, ⵟⴰⵎⵟⴰⵎ
ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ	1973-2020
ⴰⵙⵉⵜⵡⵉⴱ	www.idir-officiel.fr

ⵉⴷⵉⵔ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ ⵛⵕⵢⴰⵟ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1949 ⴳ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2020 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵛⴰⵜ "Bichât" ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵢ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵉⵏⵓⴱⴰ, ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵙⵏ ⵏ 1970, ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵡⵉⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ, ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⵙⵏⴰ, ⵉⵡⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.

ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵊⵔⴷⵊⵔ, ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⴷⵉⵔ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵏⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. " ⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⵔⵖ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ", ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ, " ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵄⵔⴰⵇ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷⵏ. ⵅⴰⵜⵔⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⴰⵔ. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵎⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ. ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖⵓⵔⵏⵖ"[1].

ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵉⴷⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵢⵓⵍⵓⴳⵉⵜ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵓⴽⵏ ⴰⵡⴱⵉⵟⵔⵓⵍ ⴳ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ. ⴳ 1973, ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵉⴼ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ, ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵡⴰⵕⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵔⵓ. ⵉⵡⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵉⴽ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ, ⵔⵔⵙ ⴷ ⴰ ⵢⵉⴹⵙ (ⴰⴷⴷⵓ ⴷ ⴰ ⵢⵉⴹⵙ). ⵉⵙⵓⵙⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰ vⴰvⴰ ⵉⵏⵓvⴰ ⴳ 45 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴷⴼⵔⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ. ⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⵛⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⵉⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ.

ⴳ 1975, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵡⵉⵍⵏ Pathé Marconi ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵜⵡⵉⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⴰⵣⵡⵍ ⴰ ⴱⴰvⴰ ⵉⵏⵓvⴰ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ 77 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ 15 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⵉⵖⵏⵏⵊ ⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴷⵢⵓ David Jisse ⴷ Dominique Marge ⵙⴳ 1979. ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵇⴰⴱⴰⵢⵍⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵉⵟⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ. ⵜⴳⵏⵙⵙ ⴰⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵡⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.

ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵍ ⵓⵜⵡⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1976 ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ, ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ: ⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵉⵏⵓⴱⴰ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵉⵔ, ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 2 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2020 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴱⵉⵛⵀâⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰ ⵖⴼ [2] [3] [4] [5] ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵏⵡⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵉⵔ ⵉ ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵡⴰⵀⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼ ⵉⵛⵏⴰ