ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ
ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ  | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Hippo Regius  |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | -0052-01-01T00:00:00Z, -0048-00-00T00:00:00Z |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | Tipasa in Mauretania |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 0023 |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ, Ancient Rome |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ, Ancient Rome |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, historian, politician, scholar |
| ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ | |
| ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ | Cleopatra Selene II, Glaphyra |
| ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ | Juba I |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ | ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ, Julia of Mauretania, Cleopatra of Mauretania |
| ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ | Juba I |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ |
| ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ | |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ | ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ: IUBA; ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ: Ἰóβας, Ἰóβα ⵏⵖ Ἰούβας;[1] ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳⵔ 48 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴷ 23 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⴰⵡⵍ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵕⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ.
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ, ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ 46 ⴷⵄ, ⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⴽⴰⵢⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ (ⴳ ⵜⴰⴱⵙⵓⵙ), ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 40 ⴷⵄ.[1]
ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ-ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵢⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 46 ⴷⵄ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏⵖ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳⵔ 52 ⴷ 50 ⴷⵄ. ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⴰⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷⵡⴰⵏ ⵔⵓⵍⵔ(Duane Roller), ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ "ⵔⵓⵍⵔ" ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 48 ⴷⵄ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ "brefos" ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⵢⴰ. ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 4 ⴷ 6 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ "pias" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ 2 ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰ, "ⵔⵓⵍⵔ" ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ 2 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ 2 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ 48 ⴷ 46 ⴷⵄ.[2]
ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⴽⴰⵢⵙⴰⵔ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ. ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵖⵍⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ.[1] ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 20 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "Roman Archaeology" [ⵜⴰⵕⴽⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ].[1] ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⴽⴰⵢⵙⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼⵢⴰⵏ (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ). ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ, ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ 2 ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⵡⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵛⴱⴰⵕⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ. ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⵡⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵜⵢⵓⵎ.[3]
ⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴳ 30 ⴷⵄ, ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⵡⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ.[4][5] ⵜⴳ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⵕⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴰⵡⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⵡⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵡⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵕⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 26 ⴷⵄ ⴷ 20 ⴷⵄ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵣⵣⵉⴼⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ.[6] ⴳ 25 ⴷⵄ, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ (ⴰⵎⵔ ⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ) ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ 2 ⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.[4]
ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵙⴳ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⵙⵜⵔⴰⴱⵓ, ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ (33 ⴷⵄ - 25 ⴷⵄ) ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⴱⵓⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵕⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵡⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ ⵉ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ 2 ⴳ 25 ⴷⵄ.[7] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵉ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ 2 ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴽⴰⵢⵙⴰⵔⵢⴰ (ⵛⵔⵛⵍ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ) ⵅⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⴰⵡⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ. ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ "ⴽⴰⵢⵙⴰⵔⵢⴰ" ⴷ "ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ" (Volubilis) ⴷⴰ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵙⵕⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ.
ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ 2. ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ 2 ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ, ⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵜ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⵍⴰ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ.[3]
ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
- ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵓⵍⵎⵉⵜ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ (40 ⴷⵄ - 6 ⴹⵄ), ⵢⵓⵔⵓ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ:
- ⴱⵟⵓⵍⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 10 ⴷⵄ/5 ⴷⵄ.[8]
- ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⴰⵢ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷⵔⵓⵙⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵟⵓⵍⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵡⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ.[8]
- ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴳⵍⴰⴼⵉⵕⴰ (Glaphyra), ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⴽⵢⴰ (Cappadocia). ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵕ ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵕⵓⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ (Herod the Great). ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ. ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⴳⵍⴰⴼⵉⵕⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⴳ 6 ⵏⵖ ⴷ 7 ⴹⵄ. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵕⵓⴷ ⴰⵔⴽⵉⵍⵓⵙ (Herod Archelaus), ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⵓⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵊⵓⴷⵢⴰ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⴳⵍⴰⴼⵢⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ 2 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 7 ⴹⵄ. ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⵉⴼ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵍⴰⴼⵉⵕⴰ[9]
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ[9]
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ 2 ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ, ⵜⴰⴽⵍⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ Όμοιότητες (ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵡⵓⵙⵉⵏ).[10] ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⴰⵕⴰⴱⵢⴰ ⵉⴷⵡⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ. ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ:
- Roman Archaeology, ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴷⵉⵙⵏ.[11].
- Resemblances, ⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ.[11].
- On Painting, ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ.[11].
- Theatrical History, ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ.[11].
- The Wanderings of Hanno, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵏⵏⵓ.[11].
- On Euphorbion.
- Libyka, ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ.[11].
- On Arabia, ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ.[12]
- On Assyria, ⴳ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ.[11].
- Epigrams, ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵜⵉⵏⵢⵓⵙ (Athenaeus) ⵙⴹⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ.[11]
ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ[9]
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- Charlier Berthier, Le sanctuaire punique d'El hofra à Constantine, édition Fournier, 1844.
- Mouloud Gaid, Aguellids et Romains en Berbérie, éditions SNED, Alger, 1972.
- Stéphane Gsell, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, édition Hachette, 1920.
- Josiane Lahlou, Moi, Juba roi de Maurétanie, Paris-Méditerranée, 1999, ISBN 2-84272-059-8. (ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)
- Jean Mazard, Corpus Numérum Mauretanieque, Arts et Métiers graphiques, 1955.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ a b c d Roller, Duane W. (2003) The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene "Routledge (UK)". pp. 1–3. ISBN 0-415-30596-9.
- ^ Roller, Duane W. (2003) The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene "Routledge (UK)". p. 59. ISBN 0-415-30596-9.
- ^ a b ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ, 28 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2021.
- ^ a b Pomponius Mela; Frank E. Romer (1998). Pomponius Mela's Description of the World. University of Michigan Press. p. 43. ISBN 0-472-08452-6.
- ^ Michael Gagarin (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Oxford University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6.
- ^ Roller, Duane W. (2003) The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene Routledge (UK)ISBN 0-415-30596-9 p. 74
- ^ Geography n Strabu (Strab. 17.3)
- ^ a b Cleopatra Selene Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine by Chris Bennett
- ^ a b c ⵢⵓⴱⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ, 27 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2021.
- ^ F Jacoby, Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, 1916, s.v.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Duane W. Roller, The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene (Routledge, 2003), pp. 61–63. ISBN 0-415-30596-9.
- ^ Duane W. Roller, The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene (Routledge, 2003), p. 165. ISBN 0-415-30596-9.