ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ:ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ/14
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: biology), ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ βίος bios "ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ", ⴷ -λογία -logia "ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ", ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴼⴽⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵓⴳⵔⴰⵏ.
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ, ⵍⵀⵏⴷ, ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ. ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓ (384–322 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ. ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 500 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵙⵜⵓⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵉⵚⵟⵓ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⵖⵉⵜ (botany) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⵖⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵕⵓⴱⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴹⴰⴼⵏ. ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵊⴰⵃⵉⴹ (776–869) ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ "ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⴱⵏ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⴼⵉⵙ (1213–1288) ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ.