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ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ

ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ
ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ
inferior planet, inner planet of the Solar System
ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳinner Solar System ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Has usecolonization of Mercury ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
IPA transcriptionmɛʁˈkuːɐ̯ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏMercury, Hermes ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔⴼMercurien ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔinner Solar System ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Highest pointCaloris Montes ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎⵏexploration of Mercury, hermeology ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Discoverer or inventorunknown value ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Time of discovery or inventionunknown value ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Site of astronomical discoveryunknown value ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Child astronomical bodyMercury's moon, hermeocentric orbit, hermeosynchronous orbit, hermeostationary orbit ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Parent astronomical bodyⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Geography of topicsurface of Mercury ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵙMercury's magnetic field ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
EpochJ2000.0 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⴽ ⵉⴽⵙⵜⵛⵉⵏⵊhttps://astronomy.stackexchange.com/tags/mercury ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Unicode character☿ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ

ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Mercury), (ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ: ☿) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ 88 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵔⴽⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ, ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛⵏ.[1]

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵢ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ 3:2, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ.[2] ⵜⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵖ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵍⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ, ⵙⴳ -173 °C (100 ⴽ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ ⴰⵔ 427 °C (700 ⴽ) ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ.[3]

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵍⴻⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 60% ⴷ 70% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷⵜ. ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 1% ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.[4] ⵉⵎⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ. ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ: ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏⵔ 10 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ 2004 ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 4,000 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵙⴳ 2011 ⴰⵔ 2015. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⴱⵉⴱⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2025.[5]

ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⴰⵏⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ: ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ, ⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵡⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵔⵉⵙ.

ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵍⴻⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎⵏ 2,439.7 ⴽⵎ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴹ.[6] ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵎⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ, ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ (5.427 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³), ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (5.515 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³).[6]

ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ

ⴷⴰ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ. ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 55% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ, ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2007 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ, ⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵓⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ.[7] ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵣⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ 500–700 ⴽⵎ. ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⵙⴷⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵣⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ 100-300 ⴽⵎ.[8]

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ Blender ⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ USGS
ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ Blender ⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵏⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ USGS, (2)

ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵏⵔ 10 ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵙⴰⵢⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⵢⴰⴽⵎⵓⵔ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴱⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.[9]

ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵏ

ⵜⴰⴳⵯⴹⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ (ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵓⴱⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎⵏ 1,550 ⴽⵎ.[10] ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⵜⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⴰⵥⵡⴰⵕ ⴰⴱⵓⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⴼⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⴹⵉⵜ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⴹⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ.

ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴹ 427 °C ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⵏⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⴰⵔ -173 °C ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ. ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ 6.2 ⴷ 10.6 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.[11]

ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⴼⵖⵡⵊⵊⴰ) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⵕⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵉⵣⵔⵉⵜⵏ.[12] ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ (O₂), ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (Na), ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ (H₂), ⴰⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ (He) ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ (K). ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ (H₂O) ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ.[13]

ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ

ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⵔⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ 0.21. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳⵔ 46 ⴷ 70 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵏ.[14] ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵜ ⴽⵓ 87.969 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵕⵜ 47.36 ⴽⵎ/ⵙⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ. ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ (ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ) ⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 176 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.[15]

ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵥ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ (48 ⴽⵎ/ⵙⵏ). ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ.

ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏⵔ 10

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏⵔ 10, ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏⵔ 10 ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵏⴰⵙⴰ. ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ 1974 ⴷ 1975.[16] ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏⵔ 10 ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ (ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 10,000 ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 45% ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵎⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ.[17]

ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ (ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ, ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⴳⵙⵖⵍⵜ). ⵜⵓⵣⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵏⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2004. ⵜⵓⵢⵍⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ 2005, ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2006 ⴷ 2007, ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴳ 2008 ⴷ 2009 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.[18] ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 18 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2011, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ. ⵜⵎⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⴳ 2012, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵜⵕⵥⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴳ 30 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2015.[19] ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵊⵔ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵓⵏⵜⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵖⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵟⵟⵕⵏ. ⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⵛⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ.

ⴱⵉⴱⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴱⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ (ESA) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ (JAXA). ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴳ 20 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2018. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ: ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ (MPO) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵡⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ (MMO) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵊⴰⴽⵙⴰ.[20] ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⴱⵉⴱⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓ ⴰⵥⵢⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ ⴳ 5 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025. ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⵓ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
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