ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ

ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ
	ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ
ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ	ⵉⵙⵉⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ
ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔ	ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ
ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ	ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ;
ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ
ⵉⵥⵓ 639-1	he
ⵉⵥⵓ 639-2	heb
ⵉⵥⵓ 639-3	heb
	ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵣⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵄⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ^[a] (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ: עִבְרִית‎) ⴷ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵎⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵓⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ-ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵍⵉⵏ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏⴰⵄⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ^[b], ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ 200 ⴹ.ⵜ., ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ (ⵣⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵢ.^[2] ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵜⴳ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵡⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ. ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏⵄⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵍⵙⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ.^[3]^[4]

ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 10 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.^[5] ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 6 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵔⴰⴼ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵉⵍⵎⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ "ⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ" (לְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶש, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ: ⵍⴰⵛⵓⵏ ⵀⴰⴽⵓⴷⵉⵛ) ⵣⵖ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ. ⴰⵢⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ" ⴳ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ Yehudit nɣ Səpaṯ Kəna'an (ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ. "ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵄⴰⵏ").^[6]

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ

ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ" ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ "עִבְרִי". ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳ ʕ-b-r (ע־ב־ר), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ", "ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⵏ", ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵔ.^[7]

ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ" ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵜ "yūdāy-ā" ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ.^[8]^[9]

ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵔⴰⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 2 ⴷⵜ.^[10] ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉ" ⵎⴽ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ. ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ Yehudit (יְהוּדִית).^[11]

ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ

^ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ^[1]
^ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ: בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, romanized: Bənēy Yīsrāʾēl

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

^ Jordan, Antoine (1934). Dictionnaire berbère-français (dialectes tašelhait). Rabat: Éditions Omnia. p. 146.
^ Chomsky, William (1957). Hebrew: The Eternal Language (in ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ). Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. pp. 1–13.
^ Fesperman, Dan (26 April 1998). "Once 'dead' language brings Israel to life Hebrew: After 1,700 years, a revived language becomes a common thread knitting together a nation of immigrants with little in common except religion". The Baltimore Sun. Sun Foreign Staff. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
^ Grenoble, Leonore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2005). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-521-01652-0. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2017. Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'
^ "Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered". Physorg.com. 7 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
^ Sáenz-Badillos (1993)
^ "5676. עֵ֫בֶר (eber) – region across or beyond, side". Strong's Hebrew: 5676. עֵ֫בֶר (Eber) -- Region beyond, side, other side, across. Strong's Hebrew. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018 – via Biblehub.com.
^ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:Bdr aɣmis
^ Sànchez, Carles Múrcia (2021). Gramàtica amaziga: estàndard del diasistema amazic septentrional (in Catalan). Edicions Universitat Barcelona. p. 52. ISBN 978-84-9168-658-3.
^ Xeravits, Géza; Zsengellér, József (25 June 2008). Studies in the Book of Ben Sira: Papers of the Third International Conference on the Deuterocanonical Books, Shime'on Centre, Pápa, Hungary, 18–20 May, 2006. Brill. p. 43. ISBN 978-90-04-16906-7.
^ "2 Kings 18 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org. Retrieved 2025-09-24.

[2] ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ^[1]

[3] ⵙ ⵜⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ: בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, romanized: Bənēy Yīsrāʾēl

[1] Jordan, Antoine (1934). Dictionnaire berbère-français (dialectes tašelhait). Rabat: Éditions Omnia. p. 146.

[4] Chomsky, William (1957). Hebrew: The Eternal Language (in ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ). Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America. pp. 1–13.

[5] Fesperman, Dan (26 April 1998). "Once 'dead' language brings Israel to life Hebrew: After 1,700 years, a revived language becomes a common thread knitting together a nation of immigrants with little in common except religion". The Baltimore Sun. Sun Foreign Staff. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.

[6] Grenoble, Leonore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2005). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-521-01652-0. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2017. Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'

[7] "Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered". Physorg.com. 7 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

[8] Sáenz-Badillos (1993)

[9] "5676. עֵ֫בֶר (eber) – region across or beyond, side". Strong's Hebrew: 5676. עֵ֫בֶר (Eber) -- Region beyond, side, other side, across. Strong's Hebrew. Archived from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018 – via Biblehub.com.

[10] ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:Bdr aɣmis

[11] Sànchez, Carles Múrcia (2021). Gramàtica amaziga: estàndard del diasistema amazic septentrional (in Catalan). Edicions Universitat Barcelona. p. 52. ISBN 978-84-9168-658-3.

[Xeravits-12] Xeravits, Géza; Zsengellér, József (25 June 2008). Studies in the Book of Ben Sira: Papers of the Third International Conference on the Deuterocanonical Books, Shime'on Centre, Pápa, Hungary, 18–20 May, 2006. Brill. p. 43. ISBN 978-90-04-16906-7.

[13] "2 Kings 18 / Hebrew - English Bible / Mechon-Mamre". mechon-mamre.org. Retrieved 2025-09-24.

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