Jump to content

ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⵓⵏⵉ

ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴳⵓⵎⵏⵉⵏ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.
ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⵓⵏⵉ
ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ
ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ
ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ
ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏSulayman ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜⵊⴰⴷⵓ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1872 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜMumbai ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1940 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
ⴰⵙⴳⴷⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜjournalist, ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰZa'ima Sulayman al-Baruni ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, Nafusi ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ

ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⵓⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (1287 ⴰⵔⵓⵎⵉ - 1187 ⴰⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉ) ⴷⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵊⴰⴷⵓ "ⴷ"[ⴼⵙⴰⵟⵓ]) ⴷⵉ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ، ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⵃⴰⵔⴱ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ ,ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵉⵎⴳⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉ (ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⴱⵏ) ,ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ (ⵍⵎⵓⴱⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵜ) ⴷⵉ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵉⵣ (ⵟⵉⴱⴰⵄⴰⵜ) ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎⵜ (ⵍⵄⵓⵎⵍⴰ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵔⴰⴱⵍⵓⵙⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ,ⵉⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⴷⵉ ⵎⵉⵚⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1906 "ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴳⴳⵉⵣⵜ (ⵎⴰⵟⴱⴰⵄⴰ) ⵏ ⵍⴰⵣⵀⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⵓⵏⵉⵜ"، ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1908 ⵉⵙⴼⴼⵓⵖⴷ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ (ⵉⵥⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ). ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵉⵚⵓⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ (ⵍⵃⵔⴱ) ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵖⴰⵣⵡ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1911 ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1916 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⵢ ⵖⴰⴼ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵉⵜⵔⵉⵢⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵛⴰⵡⵉⵜ. ⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⴱⵔⵔⵃ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵔⴰⴱⵍⵓⵙⵉⵜ. ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1919 ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵙⵏ (ⵜⵄⵜⴰⵔⴼ) ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1922 ⵜⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵟⴰⵔⴰⴱⵍⵓⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵇⴰⵡⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵍⵎⵓⵃⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ,ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ (ⵍⵎⵓⵇⴰⵡⴰⵎⴰ). ⵉⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵓⵎⴳⴷⴰⵍ ,ⵉⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1924 ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵎⵓⵙⵜⴰⵛⴰⵔ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵅⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵏ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1359 (ⵀⵉ) / 1940 (ⵎⵉ) ⴷⵉ ⵍⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⴰⵙⴼⴰⵔ (ⵄⵉⵍⴰⵊ) ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ.

ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴼⴰⵍⵉⵃ ⵍⵃⵓⵊⵉⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉ ⴷⵉ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⵓⵏⵉ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ .

ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]