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ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ

ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ
ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ
sovereign state, republic, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ
ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳLatin America, ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, Continental Central America, European Union tax haven blacklist, European Union tax haven blacklist ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ1903 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Official namePanamá, la République du Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Native labelRepública de Panamá ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Official languageⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
AnthemNational anthem of Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Cultureculture of Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Motto textPro Mundi Beneficio, Panama Surprises, Er Lles y Byd ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Continentⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
CapitalPanama City ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Located in time zoneUTC−05:00, America/Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Located in/on physical featureHispanic America ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵢⵏ8°37′0″N 80°22′0″W ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Coordinates of easternmost point7°55′56″N 77°9′31″W ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Coordinates of northernmost point9°39′0″N 79°34′12″W ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Coordinates of southernmost point7°12′42″N 80°53′8″W ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Coordinates of westernmost point8°20′1″N 83°3′6″W ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Highest pointVolcan Baru ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Lowest pointⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Basic form of governmentpresidential system ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Office held by head of statePresident of Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Head of stateJosé Raúl Mulino ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Office held by head of governmentPresident of Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Head of governmentJosé Raúl Mulino ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Legislative bodyNational Assembly of Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
CurrencyPanamanian balboa, United States dollar ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Twinned administrative bodyIncheon, Aisai ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Shares border withⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ, ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Driving sideright ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Electrical plug typeNEMA 1-15, NEMA 5-15 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ReplacesMosquitia, Department of Panama, United States of Colombia ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Significant eventIndependence of Panama from Spain, separation of Panama from Colombia ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴱ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱhttps://visitpanama.com/?lang=en ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
HashtagPanama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Top-level Internet domain.pa ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Flagflag of Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Coat of armscoat of arms of Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Geography of topicgeography of Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Has characteristicfree country ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
History of topichistory of Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Open data portalPanama Open Data ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Economy of topiceconomy of Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Demographics of topicdemographics of Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Mobile country code714 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Telephone country code+507 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Emergency phone number911, 103, 104 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
GS1 country code745 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Licence plate codePA ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Unicode character🇵🇦 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Category for maps or plansCategory:Maps of Panama ⵙⵏⴼⵍ
Map

ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ [en]. ⵜⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ [en]. ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ [en] (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 80%). ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵔⵓⴱⴰ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴼⵓⵍⵙ [en].

ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ" ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⴷ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ:[1]

  • Sterculia apetala (ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ): ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ Sterculia apetala, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ "ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ". ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ 371 ⴳ 26 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ, 1969.[2][3]
  • "ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ": ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ" ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴼⴰ [en] ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵣⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⵟⴻⵟⵟⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ.[4]
  • "ⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰⴱⴰ" ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴰ [en]: ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ "ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ" ⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⵙⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵏⴰⵜ "ⴱⴰⵏⵏⴰⴱⴰ" ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ "ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ" ⵏⵖ "ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ".[4][5]

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ "ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ (ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵢⵓⵍⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵄⴰⵎ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ "ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ". ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⴷ, ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵢ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴳⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵏ, ⴳ 1515, ⵓⴳⵓⵣ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵯⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵜⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵙⴱⴰⵔ ⴷⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵢⵓⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴱⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⴼⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵖ 1519.[6][7]

ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⵉⴱⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴱⴰⵍ [en], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ, ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ 1980. ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵅⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⴷⵉⵍ ⵟⵓⵕⵓⵚ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵓⴷⵙⵜⵉⴷ [en] ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵉⵔⴰⵏⵜⵉ. ⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 350 ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⴰⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 160 ⴽⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ.

Population pyramid, 2020

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵄⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⴳⵓⵍⵓⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵔⵓⴱⵉⵢⵏ. ⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ (ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⴳⵔⵉⵍⵍⵓ, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2500-1700 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ). ⴱⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵜⵍⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⴽⵉ (500-900 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ), ⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵇⵇⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ. ⴷⴷⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴱⵛⴰⵏ, ⴽⵓⴽⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵡⵉⴼⴰ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵡⴹⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⴹⴽⴽⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴳⵔ 200,000 ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⵉⵡⵜ, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⵏⵊⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ.

ⴰⵍⴽⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵓⵢⵏⵏ (1501-1821)

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵕⵓⴷⵔⵉⴳⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵙⵜⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⵉⴳ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ 1501, ⵢⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ. ⴳ 1513, ⵉⵣⵣⴳⵔ ⴼⴰⵙⴽⵓ ⵏⵓⵏⵉⵣ ⴷⵉ ⴱⴰⵍⴱⵡⴰ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ. ⴳ 1519, ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵓⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴱⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⴼⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ. ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵥⵔⴼ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵖⵔ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⴰⴹ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵓ, ⵜⴳ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ (ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ). ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵣⴳⵉⵣ ⵜⵜⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵇⵕⵚⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⵔⵡⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ. ⴳ 1671, ⵉⴽⵎⴹ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ" ⵏ ⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵖ 1698, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ. ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ 17, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⴷⵓⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏⵉⵛⴰⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵖ 1821, ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵚ ⵚⴰⵏⵟⵓⵚ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ, ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ. ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ "ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵎⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ" (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵡⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ). ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⵜⵓⵍⵙ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ. ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ (1855) ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ 1886 ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ. ⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 80 ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19. ⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ (1899-1902) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.

ⴰⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ (1903-1968)

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴱⵏⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ, ⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 3 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ, 1903, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵃⵚⵔⵏ ⵉⵄⵚⴽⵕⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ. ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵉ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵢ-ⴱⵓⵏⴰⵡ-ⴼⴰⵔⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵖ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ. ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴹⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⴱⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ 1914, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴽⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵣⴳ 1903 ⴰⵔ 1968, ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ 1960, ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉ. ⴳ 1964, ⵊⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵔⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⵕⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ 20 ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⵜⵏ, ⵉⵙⵅⵙⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.

ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉ (1968-1989)

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ 1968, ⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ [en] ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵔⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⵙ. ⵖⴰⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵅⵓⵙ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ. ⵉⵙⵔⴽ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ, ⵉⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵇⵓⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. ⴳ 1977, ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵅⵓⵙ ⵜⵢⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵊⵓⵙ-ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵎ[a] ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴼⴽ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵎⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎ ⵙⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2000. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵅⵓⵙ ⴳ 1981 ⴳ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⵏⵓⵔⵉⴳⴰ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⵀⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⴰⵙⵙⵔⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵀⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴳ 1989, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵔ ⵏⵓⵔⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵏⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⴳⵓⵢⵉⵔⵎⵓ ⵉⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⴹ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ.

ⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ (1989-2000)

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ 20 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ, 1989, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ "ⵜⴰⵎⵀⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜ ⴽⵓⵥ (Just Cause)" ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵉⴳⴰ. ⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴽⵉⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵣⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏⵓⵔⵉⴳⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⵎⵎⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵀⴷⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵓⵢⵉⵔⵎⵓ ⵉⵏⴷⴰⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ 1990, ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴱⵏⵏⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵇⵓⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳ 31 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ, 1999, ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵊⵓⵙ-ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵔ.

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ (2000-ⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⴰ)

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ 1999, ⵜⵓⵍⵉ ⵎⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⵎⵓⵙⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ. ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵟⵓⵕⵉⵅⵓⵙ, ⵎⴻⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵟⵓⵔⵉⵅⵓⵙ, ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2004, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵢ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ. ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵔⵉⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏⵉⵍⵍⵉ (2009-2014) ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⵀⴰⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⵙ ⴼⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰ (2014-2019) ⴰⵎⵜⵡⵉ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵛⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵇⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓ ⴽⵓⵔⵜⵉⵣⵓ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⴳ 2019, ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⴳ 2024, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵔⴰⵡⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵍⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ 2022-2023, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵍⴽⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19.

ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ [en], ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ [en] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ: ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ [en], ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ [en] ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵣⵔⴼ [en]. ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ [en] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⵉⴳ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [en] ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ.

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 71 ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ [en] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⴰⵏ[b]. ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ [en] ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵣⵔⴼ. ⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵀⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵜ.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.

ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵓ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ [en] ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴳⵥ ⴰⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵏ. ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ ⵉⵎⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ.

ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ [en] ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ [en] (comarcas). ⴱⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵜⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵓⵔⵉⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏⵜⵓⵏⵜ [en] (corregimientos). ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵢⵉⵏ—Guna Yala, Ngäbe-Buglé, Emberá-Wounaan, Madugandí, ⴷ Wargandí— ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⴽⵓⵏⴳⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵢⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵏⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ. ⵉⵣⵔⵓ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ 2015, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ [en] ⴳ 1972, ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵡⵉⵏ 1983 ⴷ 2004 ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ: ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ.

ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙⵏ [en] ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵣⵔⴼ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ 71 ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵢⵢⵉⵀ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴷⴳⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.

ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵣⵔⴼ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴰ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⴹⴰⴽⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵣⵔⴼ.

ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⵚⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ.

ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 70%. ⴷⴰ ⴷⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ.

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⴽ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⵣⴳⴰⵎⵏ. ⵉⴽⴰⵛⴰⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ. ⵙⵓⵉⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ [en] ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵏⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ.

ⵜⵎⴹⴰⵕⴰ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⴽⵜⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ [en] ⴳ 1989. ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ, ⵙⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ.

ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵀⵟⵟⵓ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵕⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ [en] (OAS), ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ (UN) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ [en] (SICA).

ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵜⵕⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵟⵓⵕⵉⵅⵓⵙ-ⴽⴰⵔⵜⵔ.

ⴰⵥⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴱⴷⴷⵏⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵢⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵣⵉⵜ. ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵊⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵖ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵀⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵏ.

ⵜⵓⴽⵣ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ (ⵜⴰⵢⵡⴰⵏ) ⴰⵔ 2017, ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⴽⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ. ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵓⵊⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ [en] ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ, ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ, ⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ. ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ [en] ⴳ 1990, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴽⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⵏⵓⵔⵉⴳⴰ.

ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ [en], ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰⵓⵔⵜ (SENAFRONT) [en], ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ (SENAN) [en] ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ (SPI) [en] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵢⵉⵏ.

ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⵉⵎⵀⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵛⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵙⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵔⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ.

ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵣⵔⴰⴽ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴹⵎⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ, ⴰⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ.

ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴹⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵣⵔⵜ [en] ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⵉⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⴷⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ [en] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ [en] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.

ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ, ⴰⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴹⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴼⴼⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ

ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵉⵖⵓⵔⴰⴼⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ 4,337,768 ⴳ 2022. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ[c] ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔⵏ 15 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ 2010 ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 29%. 64.5% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ 15 ⴷ 65, ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ 6.6% ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 65 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ. ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ-ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ 75%, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ.

ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓⴱⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ.

ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ
1 ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ 430,299
2 ⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⵉⴳⵉⵍⵉⵟⵓ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ 315,019
3 ⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⵔⵉⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ 127,440
4 ⵜⵓⴽⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉ 118,521
5 ⴼⴰⴽⵓⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ 113,174
6 ⴰⵔⴰⵢⵅⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ 103,960
7 ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉ 96,676
8 ⵍⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⵎⴱⵔⵉⵙ ⵛⵉⵔⵉⴽⵉ 81,957
9 ⴼⵉⵙⵜⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵔⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉ 55,114
10 ⵙⴰⵏⵜⵢⴰⴳⵓ ⴷⵉ ⴼⵉⵔⴳⴰⵙ ⴼⵉⵔⴰⴳⵡⴰⵙ 51,236
Panama's population, 1961–2003

ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵜⵏⵉⵜⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ 2010, 65% ⵣⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⵉⵣⵓⵜⵏ (ⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵚⵉⵢⵏ), 12.3 ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ, 9.2 ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ (ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ), 6.8% ⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵜⵓⵜⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ 6.7 ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵏ.[8][9]

ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵏⵙⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵜⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ: ⵏⴳⴰⴱⵉ, ⴳⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰ, ⴱⵓⵍⴳⵉ, ⵡⵓⵏⴰⵏ, ⵏⴰⵙⵄ ⵜⵊⵉⵔⴷⵉ (ⵜⵉⵔⵉⴱⵉ) ⴷ ⴱⵔⵉ ⴱⵔⵉ.[10]

ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 93% ⵣⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ. ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ. ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 14% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ;[11] ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜⴰⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.[12] ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⴳⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400,000 ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵔⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.[13] ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ 4% ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⴷ 1% ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ.[14] ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵉⵢⵓⵍ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴳⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⵉⵢⵓⵍ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵏⵖⵓⴱⴰ ⴷⵖⵉ.[15]

ⴰⵙⴳⴷ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵣ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ 2015, ⵉⴹⴽⴹ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ 63.2% ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⵏⵖ 2,549,150 ⴷⴰ ⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵅⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ 25% ⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵡⵏⵊⵉⵍⵏ, ⵏⵖ 1,009,740.[16]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵀⴰⵢⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⵏⵖ 60,000,[17] ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ 10% ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⴼⵔ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵡⴰⵢⵎⵉ.[18]

ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵀⵓⴼⴰ [en] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ 1.4% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ, ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵏⴰ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵜⵔ ⴷⴰⵢ ⵙ 0.6%. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⴷⵉⵢⵏ, ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵀⵏⴷⵓⵙⵏ.[19] ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵢⵓⵔⴳⵓⵏ (ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴰ) ⴷ ⵎⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵜⴰ (ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵏⴳⴰⴱⵉ). ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵙⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ.[19]

ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 16, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ. ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⴷⴰ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴳ 1903. ⵉⵥⵎⵎⴰⵥⵥⵍⵏ ⵜⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⴱⴱⴰⵜ, ⵎⴽⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, "ⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ, ⵏⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵅⵉⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵅⵅ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ." ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[20]

ⴳ 2010, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ 94.1% ⵣⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⵏ, (94.7 ⴳⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ 93.5 ⴳⵔ ⵜⵡⵜⵎⵉⵏ).[21] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ 6 ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ 15. ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵡⴰⴷⴰⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵔⵓ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⵏⵉⵖⵕⴹ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵔ 2018.[22]

ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ CIA [en] ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⵓⵔⵉ 2.7% ⴳ 2012.[8] G ⵡⵓⵙⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ [en], ⵜⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 60 ⴳ 2015. ⴳⵔ 2006 ⴷ 2008, GDP ⵜⴳⵎ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 10% ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ.[23][24]

ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ [en] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ, ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ [en] ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ.[25][26] ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⵓ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ [en], ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ. ⴰⵥⵍⴰⴹ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ $5.5 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⵉⴹⵕ ⵣⵖ 15.4% ⴳ 2015 ⴰⵔ 14.1% ⴳ 2017.[27]

ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⴽⴽⵓ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⴹ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵍⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵇⴱⵍⵏ ⴳ 22 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕⵏ, 2006. ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ $5.25 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴷⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ 1999, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ 85 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.

ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵏⵛ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴼⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⴷⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ.[28] ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵓⵊⵉⵙⵜⵉⴽⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ.

ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⴷⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⴷⵖⵉ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵔⵎⵉⴷⵏ [fr] ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ [en] ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ.[29] Banking employs over 24,000 people and contributes about 9 percent of GDP.[30]

ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉ, ⵢⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵢⴰⴱ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵣⵍ 3.[31] ⴷⴰ ⵜⵚⵚⵉⴼⵉⴹ[d] ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵀⵓⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳ ⵏⵖ ⵙⵉⵏⴳⴰⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ. ⵎⵏⵛⵜ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵛⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵇⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ 2016 [en], ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ FAF ⴳ 2016, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⵙ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ 2018.[32] ⵜⵙⵓⵍ IMF ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵙⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.[30]

ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴰⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵟⵓⴽⵓⵎⵉⵏ [en] ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ Copa Airlines. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 20 ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵀ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ.[33] ⴰⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵢⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏ.[33]

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⴱⵔⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵣⴳ ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵢⴰ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 150 ⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵟⵓⴱⵉⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ "diablo rojos" (ⵉⵟⵓⴱⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵍⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ; ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢ 2022, ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵉⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⴱⵉⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ [fr] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵍⵍⵡⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ.[34]

ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵕⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⴼⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴼⵏ. ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵜ.[35][36] ⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ ⵙ 23% ⴳ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ 2008. ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵣⴳ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⴳ 2012, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ $4.585 ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 11% ⵏ GNP ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ 2.2 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵔⵣⴰⴼ.[37][38] ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵣⴰⴱⴰⵜⵉⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⴱⵉⵍⵉ-ⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏⵣⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ 80 (2012) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⵛⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵕⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵉ 15 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.[39]

ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴱⴰⵍⵡⴰ [en] ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵇⵇⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵍⵡⴰ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⵉⴳⵯⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵍⵡⴰ ⵣⴳ 1903. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎ, ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵔⵉⵇ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵔⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴰⴱⴰⵏⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵙⵏⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⵉ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵜ [en] ⵜⵣⴷⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ [en] ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⵜ 2.0% ⴳ 2006.[40] ⵉⵅⵍⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵍⵡⴰ ⴰⴱⵉⵙⵓⵙ [en] ⴳ 1904 ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴰⵔⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵇⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵍⵡⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ, ⵜⵜⵓⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ". ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵇⵏ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵊⵊⵓⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ; ⵉⵡⵔⵉⵇⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ.[41] ⴳ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 2022, ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ.[42] ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ [en] ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵏ 2023.[43]

ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏ [en], ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ [en].[44] ⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⴰⵏ [en] ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 92% ⵏ ⵜⵏⵚⵉⴼⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ 64% ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⴷⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ-ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ (BIT) ⴳ 1982 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵎ. ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ (BIT) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.[45] ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ ⴳ 2007 ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ-ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ [en] (TPA), ⵙⵙⵉⵖⵥⵉⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ 2011, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⴳ 21 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ, 2013.[46] ⵜⵕⵥⵎ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵣⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⵜⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏ, ⵜⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.

ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴱⵜ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ. ⴰⵜⴰⵎⴱⵓⵔⵉⵜⵓ [en], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⴽⴰⵣ ⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⴽⴽⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ.[47]

ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ.[48] ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵔⵉⴳⴳⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ [en], ⵔⵉⴳⵉⵟⵓⵏ [en], haitiano (compas), ⴷⵊⴰⵣ, ⴱⵍⵓⵣ, ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵚⴰⵍⵚⴰ [en], ⵔⵉⴳⴳⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵓⴽ [en].

ⵜⵉⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵎⴰⵙ El desfile de Navidad ⴳ 25 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ **Floats** ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵍⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ Pollera, ⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ montuno. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⵡⵉⵍ..[49]

ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ 1535, ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 19 ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢ ⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴹⵉ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰ Molas ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ

ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴽⴰⵣ. ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵢ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ, ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵥⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⵖⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴰⵏ.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴰ ⵙ Molas ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ "reverse appliqué". ⵉⵎⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵏⴰ.

ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
  1. ^ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: promise
  2. ^ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: proportional
  3. ^ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Proportion
  4. ^ "ⵙⵙⵉⴼⴹ" ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ "export"

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
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