ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ
| ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, lithophile | |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | alkali metal, s-block  |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | period 3, group 1, alkali metal |
| Named after | sodium carbonate, headache, sodium hydroxide, natron |
| Follows | Ne |
| Discoverer or inventor | Humphry Davy |
| Time of discovery or invention | 1807 |
| Location of discovery | ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ |
| Element symbol | Na |
| Chemical formula | Na |
| Canonical SMILES | [Na] |
| Electron configuration | 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹, [Ne] 3s¹ |
| Unicode character | 鈉 |
ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Sodium) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Na ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 11. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ, ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ). ⴰⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ²³Na. ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ ⵀⴰⵎⴼⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1807.[1]
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵇⵇⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴱⴱⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⵯⵣⵉⵜ. ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ (0.968 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³), ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ. ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵖⴷⵓⴷⴷⵉ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ (97.81 °C), ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵀⵍⵉ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵎⴹ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵏⵖ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⴷⵉⵏ.[2]
ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵕⵥ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ, ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaOH) ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ (H₂) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (Na₂O) ⴷ ⵓⴱⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (Na₂O₂). ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵀⵍⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ.[3]
ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ, ²³Na, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, ⵙⴳ ²⁰Na ⴰⵔ ³⁷Na. ⴳⵔ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕⵏ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ²²Na ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ (2.6 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ) ⴷ ²⁴Na (15 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ). ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ²²Na ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵓⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ.[4]
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ). ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1807 ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ ⵀⴰⵎⴼⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ, ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵟⴰⵚⵢⵓⵎ. ⵉⵙⵎ "ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ" ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ "sodanum" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⴼ. ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, Na, ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ "natrium", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ "natron", ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ.[5]
ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2.27% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵀⴰⵍⵉⵜ (ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, NaCl), ⴰⵎⴼⵉⴱⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵏ. ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 10.8 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵍⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ, ⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵍⴰⴼ "D" ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ.[6]
ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ. ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵡⵏⵣ. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ 801 °C ⴰⵔ 600 °C. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵜⵓⴷ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 130,000 ⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ.[7]
ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⵣⵉⵔⴽⵓⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ. ⵜⵉⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖⵜ, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ.[8]
ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⴷⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵛ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaH) ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaBH₄). ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ (NaK) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵇⵇⴰ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵚⵎⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ. ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (ⴰⵚⴱⴱⵏ).
ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵣⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵏ.[9] ⴰⵖⵓⴷⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ-ⴰⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (Na⁺) ⵙ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵉⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ (K⁺). ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵉⴹⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ.
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵡⵓⵜⵛⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ 2 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ (ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵏ 5 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ).[10] ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⵓ ⵓⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ) ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢ.
ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵜ.
- ⴰⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaCl): ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ.
- ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaOH): ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵚⵚⵓⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵡⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⴱⵓⵏ, ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
- ⴰⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (Na₂CO₃): ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵚⵚⵓⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴰⴷⵏ.
- ⴱⵉⴽⴰⵔⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaHCO₃): ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵚⵚⵓⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⵜⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴳⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴽⵜⵓ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⴳⵍⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ.
- ⴰⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaNO₃): ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵉⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴹⴰⴼⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵖⴹⴰⴼ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⵓⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵍⵎⴰⵢⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ. ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵅⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵅⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Met-L-X ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ.[11]
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ Davy, Humphry (1808). "The Bakerian Lecture, on some new Phenomena of chemical Changes produced by Electricity, particularly the Decomposition of the fixed Alkalies, and the Exhibition of the new substances which constitute their bases; and on the general Nature of alkaline Bodies". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 98: 1–44. doi:10.1098/rstl.1808.0001.
- ^ "Flame Tests". Webmineral.com. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 75–78. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A. H. (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties". Nuclear Physics A. 729 (1): 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1968). Discovery of the Elements (7th ed.). Journal of Chemical Education. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-8486-8579-9.
- ^ Schroeder, Daniel V. (2000). An Introduction to Thermal Physics. Addison Wesley. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-201-38027-9.
- ^ Thiessen, Paul (2005). "Sodium and Sodium Alloys". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a24_277. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
- ^ Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. Academic Press. pp. 1103–1110. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9.
- ^ Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2008). Biology (8th ed.). Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. 1063. ISBN 978-0-8053-6844-4.
- ^ "Salt reduction". World Health Organization. 2012. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
- ^ "Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium". Fisher Scientific. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
| →↓ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
| 1 | 1 H |
2 He | |||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 3 Li |
4 Be |
5 B |
6 C |
7 N |
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne | |||||||||||
| 3 | 11 Na |
12 Mg |
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar | |||||||||||
| 4 | 19 K |
20 Ca |
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
28 Ni |
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
36 Kr | |
| 5 | 37 Rb |
38 Sr |
39 Y |
40 Zr |
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
49 In |
50 Sn |
51 Sb |
52 Te |
53 I |
54 Xe | |
| 6 | 55 Cs |
56 Ba |
* |
71 Lu |
72 Hf |
73 Ta |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
78 Pt |
79 Au |
80 Hg |
81 Tl |
82 Pb |
83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
86 Rn |
| 7 | 87 Fr |
88 Ra |
* * |
103 Lr |
104 Rf |
105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
110 Ds |
111 Rg |
112 Cn |
113 Nh |
114 Fl |
115 Mc |
116 Lv |
117 Ts |
118 Og | ||
| ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lanthanides | * |
57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb |
||||
| Actinides | * * |
89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
||||