ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ | |
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| ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, lithophile | |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | period 3, alkaline earth metal, simple substance  |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | period 3, alkaline earth metal |
| Named after | magnesium oxide |
| Discoverer or inventor | Joseph Black |
| Time of discovery or invention | 1755 |
| Location of discovery | ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ |
| Element symbol | Mg |
| Chemical formula | Mg |
| Canonical SMILES | [Mg] |
| Electron configuration | 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s², [Ne] 3s² |
| Unicode character | 鎂 |
ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Magnesium) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ "Mg", ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ 12. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴱⵓ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ 2.5%. ⵉⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.[1] ⵜⴽⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ, ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ), ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ 13% ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ.
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵊⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵏⵓⵣⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵕⴼⵓⵙⴼⴰⵜ (ATP), ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ.[2] ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵉⵎ ⵉⵢⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⴷⴼⴰⵡⵜ.
ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⵔ ⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⴰ.[3] ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ.
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ (1.74 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³). ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵏⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵔⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ (MgO) ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷ.[4] ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵯⵏⴳⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵀⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ (650 °C), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ.
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ (MgO) ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ (Mg₃N₂). ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵕⵥⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵍⴼ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴼⴰⵡ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ.[5] ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵥⵥⴰⵢ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⵜ, ⵜⴼⴽ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ. ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⵣⵣⵏⴳ, ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴳⴰⵏⵉⵣ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ.
ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ: 24Mg, 25Mg, ⴷ 26Mg. ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ 24Mg, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 79% ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ 25Mg ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ 10%, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (NMR).[6] ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ 26Mg ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ 11%. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵍⵍⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ. ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵎ.
ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵉⵜ (MgCO₃), ⴰⴷⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜ (CaMg(CO₃)₂), ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ (KCl·MgCl₂·6H₂O). ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⴱⵉⵙⵜⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴽ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1.2 ⴳⵕⴰⵎ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵍⵉⵜⵔⵓ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.[7] ⴰⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ1.1 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵟⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017. ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 85% ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ (MgCl₂) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ, ⵓⵏⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.[8] ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵔⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵉ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ, ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜ, ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ "ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴷⵊⵓⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵉⵎⵔⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ.
ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ. ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙ, ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵖⴰⵔ.[9]
ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⴽⵕⵥⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵎⴹ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⴰ, ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⴳⵏⴰⵔⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⴷⴷⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵎⴳⵍⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵢⵏ.[10] ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⵢ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴰⵔ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵉⵊⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ.[11] ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 300 ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ, ⴰⵙⵓⴷⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⵓⵟⵉⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ.
ⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴷⴼⴰⵡⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ (ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵯⴰⵔⵏ).[12] ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵥⴹⵉⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵔⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ (ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ). ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⵔⵣⴰⵏ.
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ "Μαγνησία" (ⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⴰ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ.[13] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1755, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⴱⵍⴰⴽ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵣⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ (ⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⴰ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1808, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ ⵙⵉⵔ ⵀⴰⵎⴼⵔⵉ ⴷⵉⴼⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⵇ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "magnium", ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "magnesium" ⴰⵢⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.[14]
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ Lide, D. R. (2004). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 4–18. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
- ^ "Magnesium - Element information, properties and uses". Royal Society of Chemistry.
- ^ "Magnesium Alloys: Properties, Applications, and Benefits". Gabrian International.
- ^ Ash, Russell (2005). The Top 10 of Everything 2006: The Ultimate Book of Lists. Dk Pub. ISBN 978-0-7566-1321-1.
- ^ Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. p. 1056. ISBN 978-0-12-352651-9.
- ^ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0503.
- ^ "How much salt is in the ocean?". U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ "Magnesium Statistics and Information" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. 2021.
- ^ "It's Elemental - The Element Magnesium". Jefferson Lab.
- ^ Eicher, Theophil (2003). The Chemistry of Heterocycles: Structure, Reactions, Syntheses, and Applications. Wiley-VCH. p. 219. ISBN 978-3-527-30720-3.
- ^ "Magnesium - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals". U.S. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. 2022-06-02.
- ^ Walker, C. J.; Willows, R. D. (1 December 2001). "Mechanism and Regulation of Mg-Chelatase". Biochemical Journal. 360 (2): 273–285. doi:10.1042/bj3600273. PMC 1222247. PMID 11716744.
- ^ "Magnesium". Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ Davy, H. (1808). "Electro-Chemical Researches on the Decomposition of the Earths; with Observations on the Metals Obtained from the Alkaline Earths, and on the Amalgam Procured from Ammonia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Vol. 98. pp. 333–370. doi:10.1098/rstl.1808.0023.
- ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ(ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) : ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)