ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ
| ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, metal, lithophile | |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | post-transition metal, building material, medication, combustible powder, simple substance  |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | period 3, group 13 |
| Has use | dye |
| ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ | alum |
| Associated hazard | aluminium exposure |
| Made from material | bauxite |
| Has effect | aluminium exposure |
| (ⵜ)ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵜ | Hans Christian Ørsted, Humphry Davy |
| Time of discovery or invention | 1825 |
| Element symbol | Al |
| Canonical SMILES | [Al] |
| Electron configuration | [Ne] 3s² 3p¹, 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p¹ |
| Safety classification and labelling | Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 |
| NIOSH Pocket Guide ID | 7900 |
| Found in taxon | Isaria cicadae |
| ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ | history of aluminium |
| ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜⴰⵏ | aluminium |
| 2022 Harmonized System Code | 760110 |
| Recycling code | 41 |
| ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍⵎⵢⴰⵏ | 鋁 |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Aluminum) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Al ⴷ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 13. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵍⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⵓⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ. ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ.[1]
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵡⵉⵡⴹⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵥⵕⴼⵜ. ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ. ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ 2.70 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵔ. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⵖⵔ ⴳⵔ 49 ⵎⴱⴰ ⴰⵔ 700 ⵎⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ.[2]
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ 2.70 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³. ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 60% ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵜⵏ.[3]
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 13 ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ +3. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵔⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ (Al₂O₃) ⴳ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵜ, ⵜⴳ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ.[4] ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ.
ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ-27 (²⁷Al). ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⴰⴷ 100% ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⵏⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵥⵡⵉⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ. ⴰⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳ ⴰⵥⵏⵥⵕⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ-26 (²⁶Al), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ 717,000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⵓⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ.[5]
ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ (8.3% ⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 270 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ. ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ (Al(OH)₃) ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ. ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵕⴰⵥⵉⵍ.[6] ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵔⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵓⵔⴰⵏⴷⵓⵎ (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴱⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵚⵚⴰⴼⵉⵔ).
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ. ⴰⵥⴰⵔⵉⴼ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⴱⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵉⴷⴷⵎ ⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴰⵡⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1825, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵔⴽⵉ ⵀⴰⵏⵣ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⵙⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵔⵉⵛ ⵡⵓⵍⵔ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵙⵜⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1827, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ.[7]
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵎⴱⵕⴰⵟⵓⵕ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵉⴹⴱⵚⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴳⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1886, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵀⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵀⵉⵔⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍ–ⵀⵉⵔⵓⵍⵜ. ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵅ ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ.[8]
ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵣⴷⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ (Al₂O₃), ⴷ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍ–ⵀⵉⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ.
ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵢⵔ: ⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ (NaOH) ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵉ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⴷⵉⴳ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ.[9]
ⵜⴰⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍ–ⵀⵉⵔⵓ: ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 2072 °C), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵓ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵔⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ (Na₃AlF₆) ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵓⴳⵓⵣⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵔ 1000 °C. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⴽⵙⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵊⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ.[10]
ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.
- ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ: ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⴰ, ⵉⵎⴽⴽⴰⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ. ⵉⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ.[11]
- ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍ: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵛⴰ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵓⴹⴰ) ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ, ⴰⵣⵡⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ.[12]
- ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵕⵥⵎⵏ, ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ.
- ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ: ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ.[13]
- ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ: ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵡⴰⵍ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⵓⵏⵉⵏ), ⴷ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵏⵀⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵉ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⵓ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵓⵙⵔ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴰⵙ 5% ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ. ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019, ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 32% ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵙⴽⵏⵜ.[14]
ⵜⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵜⵛⵓ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴽⵯⵎⵎⵉⵏⵜ. ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵥⵥⴰⵍ.[15]
ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵀⴰⵢⵎⵔ. ⵓⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵀⴰⵢⵎⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⵉⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵓⵎⵉⵏⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ.[16][17]
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ D. C., Schmelling. "Aluminum: The Thirteenth Element". aps.org.
- ^ "Typical Properties of Aluminum" (pdf). Professional Plastics. Retrieved 17 October 2025.
- ^ Davis, Joseph R. (1993). Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. ASM International. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-87170-496-2.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 217–219. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ^ Dodd, R. T. (1981). Meteorites: A Petrologic-Chemical Synthesis. Cambridge University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-0-521-22570-0. Retrieved 17 October 2025.
- ^ "BAUXITE AND ALUMINA STATISTICS" (PDF). usgs.gov. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ^ Wöhler, F. (1827). "Ueber das Aluminium". Annalen der Physik (in ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ). 87 (11): 375–382.
- ^ "The Hall-Héroult Process". American Chemical Society.
- ^ Harris, W.; Habashi, F. (1992). "The Bayer Process for Alumina Production". Journal of Chemical Education. 69 (9): 736. doi:10.1021/ed069p736.
- ^ Totten, G. E.; MacKenzie, D. S. (2003). Handbook of Aluminum: Volume 2: Alloy Production and Materials Manufacturing. Marcel Dekker, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-8247-0896-8.
- ^ "Aluminum in the Aerospace Industry". Aerospace Manufacturing and Design.
- ^ "Aluminium packaging - The Aluminium Association". aluminium.org.au.
- ^ "Aluminum Electrical Bus Conductors". Storm Power Components.
- ^ "Aluminum Recycling". The Aluminum Association.
- ^ "ALUMINIUM IN DRINKING-WATER: Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality" (PDF). World Health Organization. 2003.
- ^ Virgili, F.; Infante, P. F.; Lombardi, C. (2021). "Aluminum and Alzheimer's disease: the science that shows a link". Archives of Toxicology. 95 (12): 3735–3749. doi:10.1007/s00204-021-03185-9.
- ^ "Alzheimer's Society's view on aluminium and other metals". Alzheimer's Society.
| →↓ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
| 1 | 1 H |
2 He | |||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 3 Li |
4 Be |
5 B |
6 C |
7 N |
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne | |||||||||||
| 3 | 11 Na |
12 Mg |
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar | |||||||||||
| 4 | 19 K |
20 Ca |
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
28 Ni |
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
36 Kr | |
| 5 | 37 Rb |
38 Sr |
39 Y |
40 Zr |
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
49 In |
50 Sn |
51 Sb |
52 Te |
53 I |
54 Xe | |
| 6 | 55 Cs |
56 Ba |
* |
71 Lu |
72 Hf |
73 Ta |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
78 Pt |
79 Au |
80 Hg |
81 Tl |
82 Pb |
83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
86 Rn |
| 7 | 87 Fr |
88 Ra |
* * |
103 Lr |
104 Rf |
105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
110 Ds |
111 Rg |
112 Cn |
113 Nh |
114 Fl |
115 Mc |
116 Lv |
117 Ts |
118 Og | ||
| ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lanthanides | * |
57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb |
||||
| Actinides | * * |
89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
||||
| ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ | |
|---|---|
| ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ | |
| ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ | |
