ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ
| ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, lithophile, active metal | |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ | alkali metal, metal, s-block  |
| ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵙⴳ | group 1, period 2, alkali metal, lithiophilite |
| Has use | lithium-ion battery, lithium |
| ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ | stone |
| (ⵜ)ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵜ | Johan August Arfwedson |
| Time of discovery or invention | 1817 |
| Location of discovery | ⵙⵡⵉⴷ |
| Element symbol | Li |
| Chemical formula | Li |
| Electron configuration | 1s² 2s¹, [He] 2s¹ |
| Medical condition treated | schizoaffective disorder |
| 2022 Harmonized System Code | 280519 |
| NCI Thesaurus ID | C95186 |
| ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍⵎⵢⴰⵏ | 鋰 |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ: λίθος, líthos, lit. 'ⴰⵥⵕⵓ') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Li ⴷ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎ 3. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ, ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⵎⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ. ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵣ.[1] ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ.
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ.[2]
ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵍⴽⴰⵎⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ 0.534 ⴳ/ⵙⵎ³, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵄⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵢⵡⵓⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ).[3] ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵙ 0.6, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵀⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍⵜ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵥⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵖⴷⵓⴷⴷⵉ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ.
ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ (180 °C), ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴱⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ (1342 °C).[4] ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴽⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ, ⁶Li ⴷ ⁷Li, ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ (⁷Li) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ (92.5%). ⵉⴽⵏⵉⴷⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵖⵢⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵓⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ.
ⵜⵉⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵀⵍⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⵜⵢⵓⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵥⵡⵉⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.[5] ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵓⴱⵣⵉⴳ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (LiOH), ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (Li₃N) ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (Li₂CO₃).
ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ, ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⵎⴹ ⵎⵍⵉⵃ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⵉⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ.[6]
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⴷⵉ ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵔⴼⵡⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1817. ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ (LiAlSi₄O₁₀) ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵓ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵡⵉⴷ. ⴰⵔⴼⵡⵉⴷⵙⵓⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ "ⵡⴰⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵉ" ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ (ⴰⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴼⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵡⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ.[7] ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ "ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ/ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏⴰ" (ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ λίθος, ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ "ⴰⵥⵕⵓ"), ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵚⵓⴹⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ.
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1818, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵙ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴼⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵥⴹⵉⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1821, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴱⵔⴰⵏⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1855, ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵔⵓⴱⵔⵜ ⴱⵓⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵜⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ.[8] ⴳ 1923, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵍⴳⵉⵣⵍⵛⴰⴼⵜ ⵉ ⵊⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴽⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵜⴰⵙⵢⵓⵎ.
ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴷⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ. ⴳ 2020, ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ 82,000 ⵟⵓⵏ.[9] ⵜⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ, ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵛⵉⵍⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⴽⴰⵎⴰ).
ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵉⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 18 ⴰⵔ 24 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵓⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⵉⴳ ⵙ 99.5%.[10]
ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2021 ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ (74%), ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ (14%). ⵉⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵏⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ (4%), ⴰⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ (1%), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
ⵜⵉⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⵉⵏⵏⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵕⵓⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ-ⴰⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵔⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏⵜ.[11]
ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴰⵎⵉⴽ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ. ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⴼⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵀⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵥⵉⴹⵕ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⵀⵉⵍ 200 ⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⵎⵖ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵓⵙⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰⵜ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ.[12]
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ (Li₂CO₃), ⴰⵎⵎ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⴳⵊⴷⵉ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴽⵕⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵔⴰⵢⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ.[13] ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⴼⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20.
ⵉⵖⴹⴰⴼⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ. ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵎⴹⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴳⴰⵥⵉⵏ.[14]
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ. ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⴷ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵎⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵅⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵓⴽⵙⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵕⴱⵓⵏ ⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵔⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⵖⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵙⵅⵙⵉⵏⵜ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵅⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴽⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵅⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ.[15]
ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ Royal Society of Chemistry
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ "Lithium - Element information, properties and uses". Royal Society of Chemistry.
- ^ "Lithium: The Lightest Metal". Geology.com.
- ^ Lide, D. R. (2004). Lide, D. R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 4–18. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
- ^ "WebElements Periodic Table » Lithium » physical properties". webelements.com.
- ^ Krebs, Robert E. (2006). The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-313-33438-2.
- ^ Kamienski, Conrad W.; MacDonald, Daniel P.; Stark, Marshall W.; Liberty, John R. (2004). "Lithium and Lithium Compounds". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/0471238961.1209200811011309.a01.pub2. ISBN 978-0471238966.
- ^ Enghag, Per (2004). Encyclopedia of the Elements: Technical Data - History - Processing - Applications. John Wiley & Sons. p. 287. ISBN 978-3-527-30666-4.
- ^ "Lithium". Britannica.
- ^ "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2021" (pdf). U.S. Geological Survey. January 2021.
- ^ Wanger, Thomas C. (2011). "The Lithium future—resources, recycling, and the environment". Conservation Letters. 4 (3): 202–206. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2011.00166.x.
- ^ "DOE Explains...Lithium-Ion Batteries". Department of Energy.
- ^ "2015 Minerals Yearbook: Lithium" (pdf). U.S. Geological Survey. 2017.
- ^ "Bipolar Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health.
- ^ "Lithium". CAMEO Chemicals. NOAA. Retrieved 17 October 2025.
- ^ Stellman, Jeanne Mager (1998). Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. International Labour Organization. p. 104-203. ISBN 978-92-2-109817-1.
| →↓ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |
| 1 | 1 H |
2 He | |||||||||||||||||
| 2 | 3 Li |
4 Be |
5 B |
6 C |
7 N |
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne | |||||||||||
| 3 | 11 Na |
12 Mg |
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar | |||||||||||
| 4 | 19 K |
20 Ca |
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
28 Ni |
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
36 Kr | |
| 5 | 37 Rb |
38 Sr |
39 Y |
40 Zr |
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
49 In |
50 Sn |
51 Sb |
52 Te |
53 I |
54 Xe | |
| 6 | 55 Cs |
56 Ba |
* |
71 Lu |
72 Hf |
73 Ta |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
78 Pt |
79 Au |
80 Hg |
81 Tl |
82 Pb |
83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
86 Rn |
| 7 | 87 Fr |
88 Ra |
* * |
103 Lr |
104 Rf |
105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
110 Ds |
111 Rg |
112 Cn |
113 Nh |
114 Fl |
115 Mc |
116 Lv |
117 Ts |
118 Og | ||
| ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lanthanides | * |
57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb |
||||
| Actinides | * * |
89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
||||
| ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ | |
|---|---|
| ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ | |
| ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ | |
