ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ | |
| ⴰⵔⵉⵙ | ⴰⵡⵜⵎ  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | Charles Robert Darwin |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Charles Robert Darwin |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ | Charles, Robert |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ | Darwin |
| Author citation (zoology) | Darwin |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ | Charles Darwin |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 12 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1809 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | The Mount |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 19 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1882 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | Down House |
| Place of burial | Westminster Abbey |
| ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ | Robert Darwin |
| Mother | Susannah Wedgwood |
| ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ | Erasmus Alvey Darwin, Caroline Wedgwood, Marianne Darwin, Emily Darwin, Susan Darwin |
| ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ | Emma Darwin |
| ⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ | James Philip Mansel Weale |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | English language in England |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ |
| Writing language | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ |
| ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ | ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ, natural history, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵓⴷⵔⵜ |
| Employer | Royal Geographical Society |
| ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ | Christ's College, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Shrewsbury School, ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, University of Edinburgh |
| Academic degree | Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, Legum Doctor |
| Student of | Adam Sedgwick, John Edmonstone |
| Residence | The Mount |
| Religion or worldview | Anglicanism, ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ |
| Medical condition | stuttering, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome |
| Y-DNA Haplogroup | Haplogroup R1b |
| Participant in | Second voyage of HMS Beagle |
| Member of the crew of | HMS Beagle |
| Contributed to creative work | Popular Science |
| ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵕⵛⵉⴼ ⴳ | ETH Zurich University Archives |
| Owner of | Down House |
| Copyright status as a creator | copyrights on works have expired |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Charles Robert Darwin, 12 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1809 – 19 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1882) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 12 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1809 ⴳ ⵛⵔⵓⵣⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵕⵓⴱⵔⵜ ⵡⴰⵔⵏⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵊⴷⴷⵉⵙ «ⵉⵔⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ/ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ (Evolution), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ «ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ» (Natural Selection), ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⵉⵎⵉ (ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ) ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵜ/ⵓⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ.[1]
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 12 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1809, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵕⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙ (1731-1802), ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⴳⵎⴰ. ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ 8 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.
ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴼⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵏⴱⵓⵔⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ.
ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1831, ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵏⵏ ⵉ 23 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵎ, ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵉⴳⵍ. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵙⵜⵉⴼⵏⵣ ⵀⴰⵏⵙⵍⴰⵡ (1795-1861) ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ ⴼⵉⵜⵣⵕⵓⵢ (1805-1865). ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵏⵊⵉⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵔⵎ.
ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴳⵍ, ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵙⵉⵍⵏ. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ.
ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ: ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⴰⴱⴰⴳⵓⵚ (ⵙⴳ 15 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴰⵔ 20 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ 1835) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵙⵉⴼⵉⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉⵙⵏ 1 000 ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⴰⵎ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⵔⵉⵡⵏ (ⵉⴱⵓⵜⴳⵔⴰⵜⵏ), ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵍⵍⵃ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵣⴳ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ. ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵏⴳⴰⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵖⵏⴱⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ.
ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ, ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⵖⴰ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ: ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵎⵏⴽ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.
ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ, ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴳⵓⵔⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴼⵓⴹⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵍⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ.
ⴳ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵡⴰⵇⵇⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵜⵏ ⵀⵔⵛⵏⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴳ 1858, ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵍⴼⵕⵉⴷ ⵕⴰⵚⵍ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ(1823-1913) ⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵀⵛⵕ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ.
ⴳ 24 ⵏⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1859, ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ "ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ". ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵉⵏⵣⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵕⵥ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵄⴹⴰⴹ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⵓⵣⵣⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⵡⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ. ⵎⴰⵎⵏⴽ ⴰ ⵙ ⵏⴳⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ?
ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵕⵡⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵛⵉⵡⵉⵕ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵉⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1871. ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵣⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ "ⵀⵓⵎⵓ ⵙⴰⴱⵉⵏⵙ". ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵏ.[2]
ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ 10 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ, ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵎⵎⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴽⴷⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⴷⵍⵏ(ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵓⵙⴰⵏ ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵉⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵜⵏ(, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵄⵎⵎⵉⵙ «ⵉⵢⵎⴰ ⵡⵉⴷⵊⵡⵓⴷ». ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵛⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⵊⵓⵔⵊ, ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⵀⵓⵕⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵣⵔⴰⴽⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵎⵖⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷ, ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜ ⵕⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⴼⵉⵛⵔ.
ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵉⵔⴰⵙⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1839 - ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 8 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1914.
- ⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 2 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1841 - ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1851.
- ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏⵓⵔ: ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 23 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1842 - ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 16 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1842.
- ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉⵜⴰ ⵉⵢⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 25 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1843 - ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 17 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1927.
- ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⵀⴰⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1845 - ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 7 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1912.
- ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 8 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1847 - ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 8 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1926.
- ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 16 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1848 - ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 19 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1925.
- ⵍⵢⵓⵏⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 15 ⵢⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1850 - ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 26 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1943.
- ⵀⵓⵕⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 13 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1851 - ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 29 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1928.
- ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵏⴳ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ: ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 6 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1856 - ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 28 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1858.
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 17 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1882 ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵢⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ: «ⵏⴽⴽ ⵓⵔ ⴽⵚⵓⴹⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ - ⴽⵯⵜⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⵉⴷ ⵜⴳⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ - ⵉⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵏⵓ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵯⵜⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⵜⵉ.» ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⴱⵓⵜⵙⵡⵓⴷ (ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ) ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵀⵉⵔⵛⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵃⴰⴽ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵏ.[3]
ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ ⴼⵓⵜⵓⵔ-ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵖⴼ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 23 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.
- ^ ⵍⴰⵔⵄⵓⵙ.ⴼⵔ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 23 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.
- ^ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 23 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.