ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵜ

ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ, (ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ: ⵉⴳⵉⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ: ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⵓⵏ, ⵙ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: ⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⴰ, ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵜ: ⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⵢⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ. ⵇⵇⵏⴻⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ Gétules^[1]. ⵛⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ Voilés, ⵍⵎⵜⵓⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ..

ⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵕⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⴰ^[2].

ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵜⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵊⵀⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ, ⵏⵖ ⵎⴰ ⵓⵍⴰⵛ, ⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵙⵄⴰⵏ ⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⵏⴰⵏⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵉⵟⴰⵏ, ⴷⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵔⴳⵔⴳ (Sala, ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ).

ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ

ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵃⵔⵣⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵜⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⴳⵡⴰ (steppes) ⴷⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ..

ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ (ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ) ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳⵉⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ. ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⵏⵉⴳ. ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵄⵉⵙⴰⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵉ ⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⵉⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖ “ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰ”.^[3].

ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴳⵣⵓⵍ", ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍⵏ, "ⴳⵣⵓⵍ", ⵉⴼⴼⵖⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵀⴰⵔⵜ/ⵜⵉⵀⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙ: ⵊⴱⵍ ⴳⵣⵓⵍ^[4].

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ) ⵉⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⴰ / ⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⴰ:

ⵖⴼ ⵍⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵏ V. Wycichl, ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ “Gaetulus” ⴰⴷ ⴷⵢⴽⴽ ⵙⴳ ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⴳ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⵔ ⴰⵢⴷⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⵜⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ Gudâla ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ..
ⵛⵀⵔⵉⴳⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰⵢⴷ ⴰⵇⵔⵔⴱ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵔ Gétule ⴷ Guedalla, Gueddala ⴷ Aguellid (ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⵍⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ), “ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ” ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⴱⵔⵜ^[5],.
ⵏⴰⵉⵜ ⵣⵔⵔⴰⴷ, ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ-ⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ (1998), ⵉⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⵣⴼ ⴰⵊⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵔ ⴳⵣⵍ (ⵛⵍⵓⵀ, ⵎⵓⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ ⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉ, ⴰⵜⴳ.) ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰ: “ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍ, ⴳⵣⵓⵍ, ⴳⵣⵍ, ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ”, ⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ “ⴰⵇⵛⵉⵛ, ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵇⵛⵉⵛ, ⵙ ⵍⵇⴷⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ.” ⵖⵔ ⵛⴰⴽⵔ, ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽⵉⵙ "ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ <ⵉⴳⵣⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍ, ⵉⵡⵣⵉⵍ>" ⵉ ⴷⵢⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵥⴰⵔ ⴳⵣⵍ^[6].
ⴳⵓⵣⵣⵓⵍ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵥⴰⵔ ⴳⵣⵍ, “ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵔ ⴷⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵉⴼ” ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⵜ (foucauld, 1920, 1. 1, ⵙⴹ. 350)^[5],^[6].
ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴰⴳⵣⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵣⵓⵍ, “ⴰ” ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⴷⵢⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴷⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⴰⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⴷⵎ ⵙ ⴽⵙ: “ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⴹ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵇⴱⵔⵜ” ⴷ ⵓⵍⵍⵉ: “ⵉⵖⴰⴹⵏ, ⵍⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.» ⴽⵙⴳⵣ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⵉⵡⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵍⵉⵓⵍ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵖⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵓⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ “ⵉ” ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ “ⵍⵍ”; ⴽⵙⴳⵣ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⵉⵡⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵏ “ⵓ”; ⵓⵍⵍⵉⵓⵍ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ Antiatlas. ⴰⴷ ⴷⵏⴰⴼ ⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴳⵣⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵏⵔⵏⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵜ. ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵏⵏⵉ : “ⵉⵇⴷⴷⴰⵛⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ.»^[7].
ⴰⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍ, ⴰⵙⴳⵜ Iguzulen, ⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷⴳ Souss, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⴷⵎ ⵙ ⴰⴳ, “ⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ...”, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵔⵏⵉ, ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ; ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵓ ⴷⴳ Souss, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ: ⵉⵖⵔⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵉⵅⵓⵚⵚⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵥⴳⵡⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵍⵉⵃ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴱⵖⵉⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴹⴳⴳⵔⵏⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵇⴱⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⵍⵇⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵔⵓⴱⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⴰⵙ. « Isoulal ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵇⴱⴰⵍⵏ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ, ⵉ ⵍⵎⵏⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵄⵉⵡⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴳⵡⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴹⴼⵔⵏⵜ ⵍⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴳⵡⴰ, ⴷⵖⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜⴵⴵ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵙⴼⵀⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴳⵡⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⴹ ⵉⵎⵉ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵇ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴷⴳ ⵜⵜⴳⵏⵜ ⵜⵥⴳⵡⴰ.". ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴳ + ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵖⵛⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ “ⵉ” ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ “ⵓ”, ⵍⵃⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵃⵜⵜⵉⵎ. ⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵜⵜⴰⴽⵏ ⵙⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵙⵓⵍⴰⵍⴰⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⴰⵍ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ “ⵙ”, ⴰⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵔ ⵏ “ⴰⵍ” ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ .^[7].

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵅⴱⴱⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵇⵔⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ 11. ⴰⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ (ⵙⴰⵃⵔⴰ).

ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⴷ

ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵙⵖⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉ ⴷⵢⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⵡⵉⵜ: ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ. ⴷⴳ ⵍⵇⵔⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ 11 ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ 12, ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵍⵃⵇⵇ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ, ⴰⵢ ⴷⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵎⴰⵅⵣⵏⵙⵏ.^[8]. ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍⵉⵏⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⴷ. ⵉⵄⵙⴽⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵓⴷⴷⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷⵢⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵣⵓⵍⴰ^[9] ⴷⴳⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵄⵙⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⴽⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⴷ^[10]. ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵇⴷⵛⵎ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ Fes ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜⴰ.

ⵖⴼ ⵍⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⵜⵀⵉⵔ, ⵎⵓⵀⴰⵎⴷ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵍⴷⵊⵣⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴱⴱⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴰ ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵙⵉⵜ (ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴰⵏⵛ) ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ. ⵎⵉ ⴷⵢⵙⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⴹⴱⴱⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜⴰ, ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵉ. ⵉⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵢⵙⵙⵎ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵡⴹ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵀⵎⵏⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵡⴹ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵓⵙⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⵢⴵⴵⴰⵜ ⵓⵃⴷⵙ.^[11].

ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⴷ, ⵄⵍⵉ ⴱⵏ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵢⵓⵎⵕ ⵉ ⵎⵎⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵛⴼⵉⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵢⵉⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵀⴰⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⴷⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵣⵓⵍⴰ. ⵔⵔⴱⵃ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵟⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴹⴱⴱⵔⵏⵙⵏ ⵔⵡⵍⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵢⴷⴳ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵜⵜⵇⴰⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⵙⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵎⵓⵃⴰⴷⵏ^[12],^[13].

ⴰⵍⵎⵓⵀⴰⴷ

ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ

ⵖⴼ ⵍⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ, ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ, ⴷⴳ ⵍⵇⵔⵏ ⴰⵍⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⵙⵄⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ. ⴷⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵢⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵎⵟⵓⵏⴻⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ, ⵙⴰⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵄⵇⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⴷⵀⵓⵡⵓ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ..

ⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ

ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵍⵊⵉⵣⵓⵍⵉ
ⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ ⵍⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ
ⵍⵉⵎⴰⵎ ⵍⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ
ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵄⵍⵉ ⴱⵓ ⴷⵎⵉⴰ
ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴰⵃⵎⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ
ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⴰⵛⵉⵎ ⴱⵏ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⵖⵉ
ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵛⵉⵎ
ⵙⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵃⴷⴷⵓ
ⴰⴱⵓ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⵍⵊⴰⵣⵓⵍⵉ
ⵄⴱⴷⴰⵍ ⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵍⵊⵣⵣⴰⵕⴰ

ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ

ⵊⴱⵍ ⴳⵣⵓⵍ
ⴱⵓⴳⵣⵓⵍ
ⵙⴱⵜ ⴳⵣⵓⵍⴰ
ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⴷ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍ,^[14]
ⴰⵍⵛⴰⵍⴰ de ⵍⵓⵙ ⴳⴰⵣⵓⵍⵙ (ⵙⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ)

ⵜⵉⴳⵏⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵛⵓⵀⴰ

^ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵓⵙ, Lew; ⴱⵔⴰⵓⵏ, Rubert; Pory, John: Amezruy ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵀⵎ ⵏ Tefriqt: ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳⵙ. ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ Cambridge, 2010, p. 62 ISBN 978-1-108-01289-8.
^ [Léopold ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⴰⵔⴷ: ⵔⴱⵄⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ: ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⴰⵔⴷ (ⴰⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵏⵜ, Léopold Victor), ⵔⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⵔⵓⵔ, ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵛⵀⵏ, 2007, ⵙ.62].
^ . 2015-10-08. ISBN 978-90-04-30235-8. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ 2004, 90, 92, (ⴰⴹⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⵉⵔ) / 38 (ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ)
^ ^a ^b ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:Chapitre« ⴱⵓⵓⴳⵣⵓⵍ ⵉ ⴷⵜⵏⵏⵉⴹ? | ⵍ Watan", ⴷⴳ ⵓⵡⵡ.ⵍⵡⴰⵜⴰⵏ.com (ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⵙⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 27 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2020)
^ ^a ^b ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
^ ^a ^b ⴼⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⴱⵏⵔⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ, “ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ Seg ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⵍⴽⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ”, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵓⵟⵓⵏ 4344, ⵛⵜⵎⴱⵔⵟⵓⴱⵔ 2000 (ⵖⵔ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵏⵜⵔⵏⵜ)
^ . 1982. ISBN 978-2-252-02111-8. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ . 2008. ISBN 978-2-916569-30-7. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ . 1981. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ-ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵜⵡⴰ, ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ: ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵍⴰⵚⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵣⵣⵣⵉⵍ ⵏ 29 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1960, ⴽⵓⵔⵙⵉⵍⵍⵙ, 2008 (ISBN 978-2-916569-30-7, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⵔⵏⵜ)
^ ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ Tezrawin ⵏ Getti, 13321406 (1852). ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ. ⵍⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ: ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴱⴰⴹ.
^ ⴼⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ), ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⴰⵔⴷ (ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵏⵜ, Léopold (1933) (ⵉⵏ ⴼⵔ).
^ Pierre Cadenat, « Les gisements préhistoriques de Mesguida Tiaret (Algérie) », Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, vol. 66, n^o 5,‎ 1969, p. 151–154 (DOI 10.3406/bspf.1969.10391, lire en ligne, consulté le 27 mars 2020)13321406 ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵜⵜⵢ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵛⴳⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴱⵔⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵍⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ: ⵜⴰⵥⵔⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴱⴰⴹ, 1852

ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:Portail

[1] ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵓⵙ, Lew; ⴱⵔⴰⵓⵏ, Rubert; Pory, John: Amezruy ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵀⵎ ⵏ Tefriqt: ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳⵙ. ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ Cambridge, 2010, p. 62 ISBN 978-1-108-01289-8.

[:1-2] [Léopold ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⴰⵔⴷ: ⵔⴱⵄⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ: ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵔⵉⵙⵏ, ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⴰⵔⴷ (ⴰⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵏⵜ, Léopold Victor), ⵔⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⵔⵓⵔ, ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵛⵀⵏ, 2007, ⵙ.62].

[:5-3] . 2015-10-08. ISBN 978-90-04-30235-8. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[4] 2004, 90, 92, (ⴰⴹⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⵉⵔ) / 38 (ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ)

[:2-5] ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:Chapitre« ⴱⵓⵓⴳⵣⵓⵍ ⵉ ⴷⵜⵏⵏⵉⴹ? | ⵍ Watan", ⴷⴳ ⵓⵡⵡ.ⵍⵡⴰⵜⴰⵏ.com (ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴽⴽⵙⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 27 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2020)

[:3-6] ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3

[:4-7] ⴼⴰⵔⵉⴷ ⴱⵏⵔⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ, “ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵚⴽⵉⵡⵜ Seg ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⴷⵍⴽⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ”, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⵓⵟⵓⵏ 4344, ⵛⵜⵎⴱⵔⵟⵓⴱⵔ 2000 (ⵖⵔ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵏⵜⵔⵏⵜ)

[8] . 1982. ISBN 978-2-252-02111-8. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[9] . 2008. ISBN 978-2-916569-30-7. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[10] . 1981. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

[11] ⵎⴰⵔⵉ-ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵜⵡⴰ, ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ: ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵍⴰⵚⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵣⵣⵣⵉⵍ ⵏ 29 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1960, ⴽⵓⵔⵙⵉⵍⵍⵙ, 2008 (ISBN 978-2-916569-30-7, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⵔⵏⵜ)

[12] ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ Tezrawin ⵏ Getti, 13321406 (1852). ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ. ⵍⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ: ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴱⴰⴹ.

[13] ⴼⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ), ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⴰⵔⴷ (ⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⴷⴰⵏⵜ, Léopold (1933) (ⵉⵏ ⴼⵔ).

[14] Pierre Cadenat, « Les gisements préhistoriques de Mesguida Tiaret (Algérie) », Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, vol. 66, n^o 5,‎ 1969, p. 151–154 (DOI 10.3406/bspf.1969.10391, lire en ligne, consulté le 27 mars 2020)13321406 ⴰⵙⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵜⵜⵢ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵛⴳⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴱⵔⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵍⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⵖⵜ: ⵜⴰⵥⵔⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴱⴰⴹ, 1852

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