ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ

ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ
ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ
ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ	Isaac
ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ	Sir
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ	Woolsthorpe Manor, Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ	25 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1642, 4 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1643, 1642
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	Kensington
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	31 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1727, 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1727, 1727
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ	Westminster Abbey
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ	Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Great Britain, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ	Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Great Britain, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ
ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ	ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ
ⴰⵥⵓⵕ	English people
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ	nontrinitarianism
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ	nontrinitarianism
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ	ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, mechanics, ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ, natural science, celestial mechanics, gravity, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ, mathematical analysis, momentum
ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ	mathematician, physicist, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, astronomer, theologian, inventor, alchemist, politician, polymath, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ, non-fiction writer, theoretical physicist, chemist, theologian, astrologer, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, mintmaster, scientist, executive
ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ	ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ	Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Method of Fluxions, Opticks, or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections and Colours of Light
ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ	Isaac Newton Sr.
ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ	Hannah Ayscough
ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ	Isaac Newton Sr., Hannah Ayscough
ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ	Catherine Barton
ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ	left-handedness
ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ	The King's School, Grantham, Trinity College, Trinity College, ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ
ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ	The King's School, Grantham, Trinity College, Trinity College, ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ	ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ
ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ	Member of the 1689-90 Parliament, Warden of the Mint, Master of the Mint, President of the Royal Society, Member of the 1701-02 Parliament, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ	Knight Bachelor
ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
	ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ

ⵉⵙⵃⴰⴽ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Isaac Newton) (25 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1642 – 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1727) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵡⵏⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ/ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ (Trinity College) ⴳ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ. ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ «ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ/ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ» (Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ^[1] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1687, ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ/ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ (Optique).

ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1642 ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵏⴽⵓⵍⵏⵛⴰⵢⵔ ⴳ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ, ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⵍ/ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴳⴰⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵊⴷⴷⴰⵙ/ⵏⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵔⴳⴰⵕⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⵙⴽⵓⴼ^[2], ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵛⵓⵏⴳⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵔⵎ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵣⴰ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴳ ⴳⵔⴰⵏⵜⵀⴰⵎ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵢⵡⵏⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ/ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ" ⴳ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵉⵙⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵍ/ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵏⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ(ⴰⵡⵍⵉⵡⵍ) ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴱⴱⴰⵇⵇⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷ, ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⴽⴷⴰ/ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵍⵓⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ.

ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ

ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵣⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ(ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵍⴰⵢⴱⵏⵉⵜⵣ) ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⵓⴷ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ, ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⵙⴰⵢ/ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵉⴽⵯⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵍⴰⴼ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ/ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ/ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⴳⴳⵯ/ⵓⴳⵓⴳⵥⵕ(ⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏⴰⵢ) ⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵏⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵓⴼ/ⵓⵄⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴽⵍⵓ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ «ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ».^[3]

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ

ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ «ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ/ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1687. ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ/ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵡⴰⵃⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⴼⴼⴰⵃⵜ/ⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵢⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵢⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ/ⵜⵎⵙⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ(comètes), ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ^[4]. ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵏⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.^[5]

ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ

ⵓⵔ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1696, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴱⵍⴰⵏⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⴰⵙ/ⵓⵇⵊⵉⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴹⴼⵓⵕ/ⵜⴹⴼⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ^[6]. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ. ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ/ⵙ ⵓⴷⴰⴽⴰⴹ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ "ⴰⵏ" ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⵙⵙⵉⵔ" ⴳ 1705, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ.

ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵍⵍⵉ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⵉⵏ; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵖⴰⵏ/ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴳⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⵔⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ (ⵜⴰⵔⵜⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ) ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴼⵉⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵓⵎⵜ. ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴽⴰⴹⵏ/ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵍⵜⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴰⵎⵙⵓ/ⵓⵏⵏⵖⵣⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ (ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ), ⵜⵉⵖⴹⴼⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴹⵚⵚⴰⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵍⴰⵍⵜ

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙⵙⵉⵔ ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⴳ 20 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1727^[7], ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵢⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵡⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵛⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴰⴳⵔⴰⵏⵊ, ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ/ⵜⵉⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴼⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⵡⵙ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ. ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴽⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ

ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴹⵕ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ^[8]. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ^[9], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉ^[10]", ⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵕ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ «ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔ ⵉⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ» ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⵏⵙⵉⵏⴳⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ 15 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1726:

« ... ⵏⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ, ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⴽⴽ ⴷⵉⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ: "ⵎⴰⵅⵅ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ?" ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ: "ⵎⴰⵅⵅ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ? ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵀⵢⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵍⴷⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ. ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵜⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⴰⵢ, ⵏⵖ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ;.. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵀⵢⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵍⴷⴷⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴷⴷⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓⵢⵜ."^[11]»

ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

ⵜⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ (1671)
ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ: ⵉⵙⴰⴹⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵖⵉⵜ (ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ 1671-1675)
ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵢⴰⵕⵏ (1684)
ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ (1687)
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ(1704)
ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ (1707)
ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴼⴰⵜ, ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵜⵓ ⴰⵣⵎⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ (ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴳ 1728 ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ)
ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ/ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⵏⵏⴰ (1733)
ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕ (1754)

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

^ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ - ⵙⵜⵉⴼⵏ ⵀⵓⴽⵉⵏⴳ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ/ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⴱⵏⵏⴰⵢ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 15. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.
^ ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ - ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏⵙⵏ - ⴰⵙⵄⵕⵕⴱ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⴱⵡⴰⴱ - ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ 2005 - ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 14.
^ ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.
^ Taton, R.; Wilson, C.; Hoskin, Michael (2003-09-18). Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics, Part A, Tycho Brahe to Newton (in ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54205-0.
^ "Newton's Laws of Motion | Glenn Research Center | NASA". Glenn Research Center | NASA (in American English). Archived from the original on 2025-10-12. Retrieved 2025-11-25.
^ White 1997, p. 267
^ "Isaac Newton - Scientist, Physics, Mathematics | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica (in ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ). Archived from the original on 2025-09-07. Retrieved 2025-11-25.
^ White 1997, p. 86
^ Scott Berkun (27 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2010). The Myths of Innovation. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4. ISBN:978-1-4493-8962-8. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉ 2025.
^ Newton's apple: The real story, ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2010, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.
^ Hamblyn, Richard (2011)."Newtonian Apples: William Stukeley". The Art of Science. Pan Macmillan. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.

[1] ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ - ⵙⵜⵉⴼⵏ ⵀⵓⴽⵉⵏⴳ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ/ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⵍⴱⵏⵏⴰⵢ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 15. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.

[2] ⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ - ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏⵙⵏ - ⴰⵙⵄⵕⵕⴱ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵡⴰⵏ ⵍⴱⵡⴰⴱ - ⵜⴰⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ 2005 - ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 14.

[3] ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.

[4] Taton, R.; Wilson, C.; Hoskin, Michael (2003-09-18). Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics, Part A, Tycho Brahe to Newton (in ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54205-0.

[5] "Newton's Laws of Motion | Glenn Research Center | NASA". Glenn Research Center | NASA (in American English). Archived from the original on 2025-10-12. Retrieved 2025-11-25.

[6] White 1997, p. 267

[7] "Isaac Newton - Scientist, Physics, Mathematics | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica (in ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ). Archived from the original on 2025-09-07. Retrieved 2025-11-25.

[8] White 1997, p. 86

[9] Scott Berkun (27 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2010). The Myths of Innovation. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 4. ISBN:978-1-4493-8962-8. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉ 2025.

[10] Newton's apple: The real story, ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2010, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.

[11] Hamblyn, Richard (2011)."Newtonian Apples: William Stukeley". The Art of Science. Pan Macmillan. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 25 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.

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