ⵉⵙⴰⴽ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ
 ⵓⴽⵓⵙ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ. ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ: (ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ). ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ, ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵅⴼ. ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ, ⴽⵯⵜⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵯⵎ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ (ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ) ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙⴰ. (ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵙ) |
ⵉⵙⴰⴽ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ إسحاق نيوتن
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙⵉⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⴽ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ 1642.ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ 25 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ, ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1727.
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.
ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵉ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴰⴱⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵉⴽⵡⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵏⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵕⵕⵓⴽⵏ.
ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵙⴳ 12 ⴰⵔ 17 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴳ ⴳⵔⴰⵏⵙⵀⴰⵎ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣ, ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣ.
ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵓ.
ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⵏ 1661, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵜⵔ.
ⴳ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1667, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵕⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, ⴳ 1669 ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵉⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ 1672.
| ⵉⵍⵓⵍ | 25 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1642 (4 ⵢⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1643 ⵖⴼ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵏⵟⴰⵔ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ) ⵡⵓⵍⵙⵜⵓⵔⴱ-ⴽⵓⵍⵙⵜⵔⵓⵡⵓⵔⵜ, ⵍⵉⵏⴽⵓⵏⵛⵉⵔ, ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ |
|---|---|
| ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1727 (84 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ) (31 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1727 ⵙ ⵓⴽⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵔ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ) ⴽⵉⵏⴳⵙⵜⵓⵏ, ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵍⵙⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ | ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵎⵉⵏⵙⵜⵔ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ |
| ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ | ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (1684) ⵜⵉⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ (1687) ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ (1704) |
|---|---|
| ⵜⵉⴼⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ | ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⴰⵏⵎⵓⴳⵔⴰⴱ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⴰⵏⵎⵀⴷ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⴰⵏⵙⴷⵙ (ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓ) |
| ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ | ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴱⵍⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⵢⵓⵜⵓⵏ |
ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ : المصدر
ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ويكيبيديا
ⴳⵓⴳⵍ