ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ
ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ (Galileo Galilei ⵙ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵜ), ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1564 – ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1642, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵜ", "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ", ⴷ "ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ".[1] ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵥⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ (ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ) ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ.
ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵛⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴳ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1564. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ. ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴼⵉⵏⵜⵛⵉⵏⵣⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵕⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴱⵍⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ.[2] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1581, ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵎⵎⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ.
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ ⴳ 1589 ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴷⵡⴰ ⴳ 1592, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ 18 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ.
ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1609, ⵉⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⴽⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵔⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ 20 ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ.[3] ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵕⵥⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏⵏ.
ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⵙⴽⵓⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ:
- ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ: ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵓⵍⴼ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵣⵔⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴷⵍ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵉⵚⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵡⴰⵏ.[4]
- ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ: ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1610, ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ. ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ "ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜⵛⵉ" (ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ "ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉⵢⵏ"). ⴰⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.
- ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ: ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ. ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ.
- ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ: ⵉⵥⵕⴰ, ⵉⵣⵔⵓ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⴳⵉ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ (ⵙⵉⴷⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⵓⵏⵙⵢⵓⵙ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴳ 1610, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵜⵔⵉⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵊⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵢ ⵉⴽⴽⵯⵙⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵛⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⴽⵙⵓⵍⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵔⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵏⵢⵓⵟⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜⵙ.[5]
ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴰⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴽⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ, ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ (ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴷ. ⴳ 1616, ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ "ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵇⵇⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ".[6]
ⵉⵎⵣⵖ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴳ 1632 ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ.
ⴰⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴽⴰⴹ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1633, ⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ. ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ "ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⵀⵕⵟⴰⵇⵜ", ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⵉⵔⵏⵉⴽ. ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵊⵎ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⵎⴹ, ⵢⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ. ⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵉⵎⵉ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.[7]
ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ. ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴳ 1638, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵔⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ.
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵉⵎⵉ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴰⵔⵛⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1638, ⵉⴷⵔⵖⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 8 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1642, ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 77 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵇⵇⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵛⵉ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ 1737, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜ, ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⴰⵏⵊⵍⵓ.
ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⵜⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵖⵙ, ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜⴳ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ. ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1992, ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ 359 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵓⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵛⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵣⴳⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ ⴷ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ, ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙ.[8] ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⵍ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.
ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ:
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ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ "Galileo Galilei". Theadona.com. 2010-07-29.
- ^ Drake, Stillman (1978). Galileo at Work: His Scientific Biography. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-16226-3.
- ^ Sharratt, Michael (1994). Galileo: Decisive Innovator. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56671-1.
- ^ Shea, William R.; Artigas, Mariano (2003). Galileo in Rome: The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516598-2.
- ^ Drake, Stillman (1957). Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo. New York: Doubleday & Company. ISBN 978-0-385-09239-5.
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - ^ Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06662-5.
- ^ Heilbron, John L. (2010). Galileo. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-958352-2.
- ^ "After 350 Years, Vatican Says Galileo Was Right: It Moves". The New York Times. 31 October 1992.
