ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ
| ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
| ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 1706[1] ⴰⵡⵍⵓⵥ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 1789 ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | ⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ |
| ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ | ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ  | |
ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵓ ⵜⴼⵏⵓⵜ ⵓ ⵣⴰⴳⵎⵓⵣⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ(1706 - 1789) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵜ. ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ, ⵉⵃⵚⴰ ⵍⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵛⴰⵕⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ , ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽ , ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ.ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵃⴰⵎⵓ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ . ⵉⵜⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙⵏⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ , ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ , ⴳ ⵓⵢⵏⵏⴰⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ. ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵀⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ , ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19, ⵙⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵢⵉⴱⵣⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1895 ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1907 , ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ 1905 , ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵀⴰⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ
ⵉⵙⵎ[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵎ:
- ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ
- ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ
- ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ
- ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ
ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ, ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵙⵓⵢ , ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵡⵛ . ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 17 ⴷ 18, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰ.ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1706ⵎ/1118ⵀ, ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ, ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵍⴰⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵄⵉⵍ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ . ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵛⵛⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵙⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ . ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⴷ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵡⵍⵍⵓⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ/ⵜⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ . ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵅⴰⵙ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ. ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1711 ⴰⵔ 1728 , ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⴳⵊⴷⵉ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵙⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ . ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵀⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ. ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵛⵡⵉⵕⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵀⴰⵎⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵓⴼⴼⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ . ⵜⴱⴷⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵎⴽⵓⵜ ⴳ ⴰⵡⵍⵍⵓⵣ , ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵃⵙⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ . ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵔⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ . ⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵔⵏⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ .
ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ . ⵎⴰⵛ ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ . ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵎⵔⵣⵓ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳ 1895. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ 239 ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ " ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ "ⵔ. ⵉ. ⴽ. ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵀⴰⵎⵓ", ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ.ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⵍ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ "ⵍⵢⴱⵓⵍⴷ ⴳⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⴰⵕ" ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1919. ⵜⵣⵍⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ, ⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ .ⵙ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵖⵉⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⴰⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⵉⵣⵣⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 80 ⴰⵔ 90 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 18 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1789. ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵏⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵉⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵢⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵢⴷⴳ ⴰⵢ ⴷ-ⵢⵜⵜⵡⴰⵣⵎⵔ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴱⵕ-ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ.
ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴰⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⴱ :
ⴰⵖⵔⵉⴱ : ⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⴷⴰ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵃⵚⵉⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵙⴰⴼⵔⵜ
ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ : ⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵜ ⴰⵖ ⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵏⵙⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵏⵎⵜⵓ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⴽ
— ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ
ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⴰⵍ ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⵎⵢⵢⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵀⵎⵏⵉⵏ
— ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ
ⵉⴳ ⵉⵕⵖⴰ ⵍⵇⵇⵏⴷⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵕ ⵏⵉⵜ
ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵖⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ
ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵙⴰ ⵉⵖ ⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ
ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ
— ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
- ↑ https://archive.org/stream/hmouttaleb/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1