ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ
| ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ | |
|---|---|
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| written work, creative work | |
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ | مقدّمة ابن خلدون  |
| ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ | Q115908481, Kitāb al-ʿibar wa-dīwān al-mubtadaʾ wa-l-jabar : fī ayyām al-ʿarab wa-l-ʿaŷam wa-l-barbar wa-man ʿāṣara-hum min ḏawī l-sulṭān al-akbar, Q125701153, Muqaddimah al-ʻallāmah Ibn Khaldūn (al-Maṭbaʻah al-adabīyah, and) |
| ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ | ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ |
| Language of work or name | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ |
| Copyright status | public domain, public domain |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ : مُقدِّمَةِ ٱبْنِ خَلْدُونَ / ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵓⵇⴷⴷⵉⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ "Prolegomena" ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵓ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ 1377, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ/ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵜ(ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵖⵔⴰⴼⵉⵜ), ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ.
ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ (théologie) ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ (historiographie) ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ (écologie)[1]. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ "ⵜⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ" ⴷ "ⵜⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏⵉⵜ" ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ.
ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴱⵏ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴳ 1377 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ "ⴽⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⵍ-ⵄⵉⴱⴰⵕ" (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ),." ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ: (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵏⴰⵡⵏ...). ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ "ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ" (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ: "العصبية", ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ: "ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ", "ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ", ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ "ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ", "ⴰⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ" ) ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵏⵚⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵓⵇⵇⴷⵉⵎⴰⵜ". ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ; ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ.[2][3]
ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓ ⵅⴰⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ (ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ) ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⵉⵡⵉⵏ(ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵙⵍⵉⵡ ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵉⵊⵖⵍⵓⵍⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ.
ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴱⵏ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵓⵇⵇⴷⵉⵎⴰⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵜ/ⵜⴰⵣⵡⵓⵔⵜ), ⵉⵙⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ "ⵙⵙⵉⵄⵔ" ⴷ ⵜⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⵍ ⵜⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ:
ⴽⵓⴷⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵙ [ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ], ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ, ⵔⵏⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ(ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏⵜ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ. ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ.
ⵖⴼ ⵓⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵔⵎⵙ (ⵓ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴼⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵡⵣ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵕⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵛⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⴰ. ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓ ⵅⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜ/ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ(ⴰⵣⴰⵍ). ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ, ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ. ⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵉ.