ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ

ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ
branch of philosophy
ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵏ	ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ
ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⵣⴳⵎⵏ	Jian jia xue pai
	ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ

ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ 250 ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ "ⵜⴼⵙⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵏ" ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ", ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ "ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ"^[1], ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ. ^[2]ⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ "ⴰⵢⵊⵉⵏⴳ" (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⴽⴽⴰⴷⵏ/ⵉⵔⵀⵉⴱⵏ, ⵢⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ 672 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ^[3].

ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖⵏ, ⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ: ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵏⴼⵓⵛⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵙⵍⴳⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵡⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵀⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ (ⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵥⵍⴰⵏⵏ).

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

↑ Ebrey، Patricia (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. ⵜ. 42.
↑ Ebrey، Patricia (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. ⵜ. 42.
↑ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 60, Great Thinkers of the Eastern World, edited Ian McGreal Harper Collins 1995.

[1] Ebrey، Patricia (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. ⵜ. 42.

[2] Ebrey، Patricia (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. ⵜ. 42.

[3] ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 60, Great Thinkers of the Eastern World, edited Ian McGreal Harper Collins 1995.

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