ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ
ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ  | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵓⵙⵃⴰⴱ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 1925 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 7 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1989 |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔ |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴱⵉⵣⵔⴰⵏ,[1] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ", ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ (1925 - 07 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1989). ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ "ⵜⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ" ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ;[2]ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵓⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴱⵖⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴱⵉⵣⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵣⵓⵔⴰⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ "ⵉⴷⴰ ⵓ ⴱⵓⵣⵢⴰ"[3] ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵓⵙⵃⴰⴱ[4] ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵜⵓⴽⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⴰ. ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ "ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵎⴽⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵜⵓⴽⴰ. ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⴱ, ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵖⵣⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ/ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵍⵓⵟⴰⵕ" ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴱⵓⴷⵔⴰⵄ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ "ⴰⵊⵎⴰⴽ" (ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵡⴰⵛ) ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵕⵕⵡⴰⵢⵙ.
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1958 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵜⴰⴳ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵖ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵥⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⴽⴰⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⵕⵇⵇⵉⵢⵢⴰ ⴷⴷⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙⵜ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵓⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵉⵥⵏⴽⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵍⵄⵕⴱⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵊⴰⵎⵄ ⵍⵃⴰⵎⴷⵉ, ⴷ ⴼⴰⵟⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵛⵉⵟⵜ, ⴷ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙⵜ" ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵡⴰⵀⵔⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵍⴱⵏⵙⵉⵔ ⴷ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵣⵎⴰⵡⵏ.
ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵎⵉⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⵓⵏⵖⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵢⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ. ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵎⵓⴹⵜ, ⴷ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵣⵏ, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵏⵏⵊ/ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ. ⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⵙⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴹⵕⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⴼⵔⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⵔ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵓⵛⵜⵓⴽ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴼⵉⴼⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1988 ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵣⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴼⴰⵄ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵛⵜⵓⴽⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⴰ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴰⴽⴰⴹ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵢⴳⵯⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵍⵍⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵣⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴱⵏⵙⵔⴳⴰⵡ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵉⵣⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ.
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ ⴳ 7 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1989 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵍⴰⵍⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ. ⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙⴼⵓⴳⵍⵓⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵚⵕⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 2024, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.[5]
ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ ⴰⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵡⵉⵙ 30 ⵉ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ “ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ” ⴰⵣⴰⵎⵓⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ - ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ (2019). ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵥⵏ 2020-04-17 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴱⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏ.
- ^ ⵊⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷⴷⵃⵎⵓⵏⵉ (2024-09-01). "ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ: أⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ". ⴼⴰⵔⴱⵔⵉⵙⵙ - Varpresse (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴳ 2026-01-14.
- ^ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴰⵚⵉⵕ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ, ⵉⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴼⴰⴹⵍ (2025-09-07). "ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ- ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ" (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵕⴰ ⴳ 2026-01-14.
- ^ "الذكرى 29 لوفاة "الرايس سعيد أشتوك" هرم الأغنية الأمازيغية بسوس ماسة". جريدة اشتوكة بريس (in ⵜⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ). 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2026-01-14.
- ^ "ⵕⵕⴰⵢⵙ ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ - ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⴹⵓⵕ". ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⴹⵓⵕ.ⵜⴼ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵔⴰⴱⵜ). 2025-05-26. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 2026-01-14
