ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ
ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ  | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | Rachid  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | ⵜⴰⵣⴰ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 16 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1953 |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ |
| ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ | ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | physicist, engineer |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | Institut polytechnique de Grenoble, Lycée Corneille |
| ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | Institut polytechnique de Grenoble, Lycée Corneille |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ |
| ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ | |
| ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ | http://www.kvi-battery.sg |
| ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ | |
| ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ | Charles Stark Draper Prize, Knight of the Legion of Honour, IEEE Medal for Environmental and Safety Technologies |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵏⴳⴰ. ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ/ ⵍⴳⵕⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵓⵏ-ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⴽⵜⵓⵔⵜ .[1]
ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2014, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵕⵍⵣ ⴷⵕⴰⴱⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ, ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ (IEEE) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⵇⵇⵙ(ⵡⵉⵙⴰⵎ) ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵇⵇⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ 2014, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵍⴰⵍⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ. ⴳ 2019, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵉ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵓⵏ-ⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⵉⵏ/ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵔⴼⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ.
ⴳ 21 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2024, ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵍⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ, ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵣⵡⵡⵍⵜ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⴰⴼⵓⵕⴰ. ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ ⴱⵓⵊⵉⴱⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵏⴰⵥⴰ" ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ . ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵜⵡⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ "ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵟ ⴰⵔⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ". ⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵙ 20 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵡⵢⴰⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ, ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ. ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ SNRTnews ⵖⴼ ⵜⵜⵡⵉⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵔⵓⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴷⵖⵢⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⵜⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵟⵕⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⴰⵕⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵡⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ/ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⵙⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵉⵔ/ ⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵕⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵡⵉⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ "ⵍⴱⵓⵍⵟ ⴰⵔⵓⵣⵔⵉⴳ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵜⵔⴷ ⵙⴳ 20 ⴰⵔ 80 ⴼ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⵉⵣⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⴰⴼⵓⵕⴰ, ⵣⵎⵔⵏⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵜⵡⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ 100 ⴼ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⵔⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴽⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ/ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏⴳ" ⴳ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⴰⴼⵓⵕⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⵍⵓⵙ/ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴷⵉⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⴼⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ/ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴼⵍⵓⵕ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵢⵉⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ. ⴳ 16 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2025, ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ; ⵜⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵡⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⴰⵕⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ.[2]
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 16 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1953, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ, ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971. ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ, ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⴰⴱⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⴳⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴳⵕⵓⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰ(ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ), ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⵓⵖ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴹⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ(ⴰⵙⵍⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵥⴰⵕⵕⵓⵕ)ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵃⵔⵓⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ/ ⵜⴼⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⴽⵜⵓⵔⵜ.
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 100 ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵓⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 200 ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⴽⵜⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵢⴰⵣⴰⵎⵉ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵢⴰⵏⴳ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵙⴰⵏⴳⴰⴼⵓⵕⴰ.[3]
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- 2014: ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵕⴰⴱⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ.
- 2016: ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵍⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ.
- 2022: ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵙⵓⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵏⵍⵉ ⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵎ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ 2019, ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⴽⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ.
- 2023: ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⴼⵉⵏ ⴼⵢⵓⵜⵛⵔ" ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2023 ⴷ 3 ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵙⵓⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵓ ⴳⵔⵉⵏ, ⴰⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵙⵓⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵏⵍⵉ ⵡⵉⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵙⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⵉⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵛⵉⵏⵓ ⵖⴼ "ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴽⴽⵯⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ/ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⵜⵢⵓⵎ-ⴰⵢⵓⵏ", ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ 3 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ/ ⵓⴳⵏⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ.