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ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
(ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ)
ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ

ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵉⴷⵉⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵕⵓⵢⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ (ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ). ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴹⵏⵏⴰⵥ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵏ,[1] ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ.

ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ; ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵄⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ, ⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓⵏ ⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵣⵏ.

ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ (ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊ ⴱⵍⵄⵉⴷ)

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴷⵙ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵉⴳ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵏⵏⴰⵥ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⴷⴰ/ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ.

ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
  • ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ (ⴰⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ): ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴳⵔⴳⴰⵄ/ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵉⵎ/ⴷⴷⵓⵊ.
  • ⴰⴱⵏⵣ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ "ⵎⵏⵜⴰⴳⴰ".
  • ⵍⴼⵜⵍⵜ (ⴰⴹⵏⵏⴰⵥ): ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵛⵟⵟⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ, ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍⴼⵓ (ⵍⵃⵔⵉⵔ).
  • ⵜⴰⵅⵔⵙⵜ: ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵛⴽⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ.
  • ⵜⴰⵃⵎⵎⴰⵕⵜ: ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⴹⵏⵏⴰⵥ.
  • ⵍⵍⵓⵍ: ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ.
  • ⵟⵟⴰⵕⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵟⵟⴰⵕⵜ: ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴻⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵖⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ. ⴷ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ 23 c.

ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷⵎⴰⵏⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
  • ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⵙ "ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ" ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵏⵜⴰⴳ" ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⴼⵓⵍⵍⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⵔⴳⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⵉⵣⵔⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ: ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴱⴰⵔⴷⴰⵅⴰⵢ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1986, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴱⵖⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ.

ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴽⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⴰⵎⵙⵇⴰⴷ" ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ. ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ:

ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ 800 ⴷ 1000 ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ/ⵉⴷⵔⵀⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵙⴰⴼ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵙ "ⵏⵏⵇⵔⵜ".

ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ (300-500 ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵎ),[2] ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵔⵔⵉⴱⴰⴱ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ       ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ