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ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ

ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵖⵡⴰⵏ
ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ, ⵥⵕ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ.
ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ

ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ
ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ
ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ
ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ
ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏNikola ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜSmiljan ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1856 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ7 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1943 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜmyocardial infarction ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍNikola Tesla Museum, Belgrade, Serbia ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜKaisertum Österreich, Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉKaisertum Österreich, Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen, ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴽⵕⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜSmiljan, Karlovac, Graz, Praha, Budapest, ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, Colorado Springs ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵥⵓⵕSerbs of Croatia ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
ⴰⵙⴳⴷSerbian Orthodox Church ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜSerbian Orthodox Church ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, mechanics, inventor ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜinventor, electrical engineer, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, electrician, mechanical engineer, futurist ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳTesla Electric Light & Manufacturing, Westinghouse Electric Corporation ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙMilutin Tesla ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙĐuka Mandic ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏMilutin Tesla, Đuka Mandic ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷKarlovac Gymnasium, Technische Universität Graz, Univerzita Karlova ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜKarlovac Gymnasium, Technische Universität Graz, Univerzita Karlova ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜSerbo-Croatian ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, Czech, Hungarian, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ, Croatian, Serbian ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏEdison Medal, IEEE Fellow, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle, Elliott Cresson Medal, John Scott Award, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Sava, National Inventors Hall of Fame, Honorary doctor of the University of Zagreb, Grand cross of the Order of the White Lion, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Honorary doctor of the Technical University of Graz, Order of St. Sava, Order of the White Eagle, Order of the Crown, Order of Prince Danilo I, doctor honoris causa from the University of Paris, Order of the White Lion ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ

ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Nikola Tesla) (10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1856 – 7 ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1943) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ, ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵓ ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ-ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ,[1][2][3][4] ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ.

ⵉⴽⴽⵓⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⴳⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ (Téléphonie) ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ 1884 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵖ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⵉⵜⵜⴰⵢ/ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵛⵛⵉⵡⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴹⴰⴹⵜ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ "ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ" ⴳⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ. ⴳ 1891, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.[5]

ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⴳ 1893, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵏ "ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ".[6] ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵊⴳⵓⴳⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵅⵡⵓ:ⵓⵙⵅⵡⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X. ⴷ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ.

ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ "ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⴼⵍⵏ". ⴷ ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵣⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵢⴼⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ 7 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1943.[7] ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⴼⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1960 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵓⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵥⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ.[8] ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵎⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.[9]

ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ 10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1856 ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵚⵉⵕⴱⵉⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ,[10] ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵉⵍⵊⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⵉⵜ (ⴽⵔⵓⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ[11] ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ).[12] ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ (Prêtre) ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵜ.[13][14][15][16] ⵉⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⵓⴽⴰ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉ,[17] ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴹⴰⵍⵓⵚⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵚⵉⵕⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⵓⵎⵉⵥ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵏ (genes) ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ.[18]

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ. ⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ: ⴷⴰⵏ, ⵎⵉⵍⴽⴰ, ⴰⵏⵊⵉⵍⵉⵏⴰ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.[19] ⴳ 1861, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⴹⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ.[20] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ, ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⴳⵓⵙⴱⵉⵜⵛ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴽⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵥⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ.

ⴳ 1870, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⴼⴰⵜⵛ,[21] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⴽⵓⵍⴼⵉⵜⵛ.[22][23] ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴹ/ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵓⴹⵏ.[24] ⵉⵎⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1873,[25] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵍⵉⵔⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⴼⵉⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵉⵜⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ.[26][27] (ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⴱⴱⴰⵙ).[28]

ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1880.

ⴳ 1874, ⵉⵔⵡⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵣⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵓⵏⴳⴰⵔⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵎⵉⵍⵊⴰⵏ,[29] ⵉⵔⵡⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵎⵉⵏⴳⴰⵢ. ⵖⵉⵏⵏ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ.[30] ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⵜⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ.[31] ⴳ 1875, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵣ ⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵅ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵇⵉⴼⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ 9 ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ[32][33] (ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ[34]). ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵚⵉⵕⴱⵉⵢ.[35] ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ: "ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⴽ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ".[36] ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ/ⵜⴷⴳⴳⵯⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ.[37][38] ⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵇⴰ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵏⵉ.[39] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵓⵛⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵙⵡⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵎ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵍ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⴼⵜⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⴳⴰⴹ ⵖⴼ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ (ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵓⵙⵜ).[40][41] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴼⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵔⴰⵙ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⵖ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴳⵉ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵎⵉⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ.[42]

ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1878, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵣ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⵉⵣⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ.[43] ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴹ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔ.[44] ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴱⵓⵔ (ⴳ ⵙⵍⵓⴼⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ), ⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⵙ 60 ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ.[45] ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1879, ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴱⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ.[46] ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⴰⵖ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵏⵣⵍⵓⵎ.[47] ⴳ 24 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1879, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⴳⵓⵙⴱⵉⵜⵛ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 17 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1879, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵎⵉⵍⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ[48] (ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⴷⵎ ⴰⵍⵍⵅⴼⴰⵏ[49]). ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵎⵉⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⴳⵓⵙⴱⵉⵜⵛ.[50]

ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1880, ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵙⴳ ⴳⵓⵙⴱⵉⵜⵛ ⵖⵔ ⴱⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⵣⵉⴽ, ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵔⵍⵓⴼⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵔⴰⴳ. ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵜⵛⵉⴽⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴼⵍⵉⴷ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.[51][52][53] ⴳ 1881, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴱⵓⴷⴰⴱⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⴼⵉⵔⵉⵏⴽ ⴱⵓⵛⴽⴰⵛ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴷⴰⴱⵉⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ, ⵢⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵎ ⴳ ⴱⵓⴷⴰⴱⵉⵙⵜ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ, ⵜⵎⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ/ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ.[54] ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴼⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵎⵉⵥ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ.[55]

ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ

ⴳ 1882, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ.[56] ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1884, ⵉⵣⵓⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ,[57][58][59] ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ "ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴷⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵖⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵓⵔⵉ.[60] ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ. ⴳ 1885, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ (ⵣⵄⵎⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ/ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵕⵡⵉ), ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ: "ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴽ ⴼⴽⵖ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵔⴷ".[61][62] ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⵎⵎⴰⵛⵜ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵍⴱⵓⴱ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹ.[63] ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ, ⵉⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ/ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙ: "ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵖⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ".[64][65] ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ 10 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ (18 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ). ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ.[66]

ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ 1886 ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ ⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵏⵊⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴼⵉⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ "ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ/ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ".[67] ⵜⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵏⴰⵏⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ (arc lamps) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ. ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ.[68]

ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ.[69] ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵟⵟⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵣⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ.[70] ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴱⵣⵣⴰⵣ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵖⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ 2 ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⵏ 1886/1887 ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⵉⵖⵏⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵕⵥⴰⴳⵏⵉⵏ", ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ.[71][72]

ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 381,968 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.
ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 390,721 ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴳ 1888.

ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1886, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴱⵔⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵔⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴱⵉⴽ, ⴰⵏⴼⴳⵓⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ. ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ.[73] ⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ  ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ. ⴷ ⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ "ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ" ⴳ ⵢⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1887 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ; ⴰⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴰⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴷⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.[74] ⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ 89 ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⴰⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.

ⴳ 1887, ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ (Induction motor) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ (AC), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵣⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ (ⴰⴳⵜⴰⴼⵢⵉⵔ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ (ⵉⵕⵥⴰⵏ/ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ.[75][76][77] ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1888, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵓⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵏⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵇⵣⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵚⴼⴰⴹ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵏ.[78][79]

ⴳ 1888, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵓⵎⵔⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ "ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ", ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ (IEEE ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ).[80] ⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⴰ/ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷⵉⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ, ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴱⵓ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵙⵡⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓ ⴼⵉⵔⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜ) ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1888, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⴹ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ.[81][82]

ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1888, ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ/ⵉⵎⵀⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴱⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴽ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴳ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ/ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ "ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ" ⵙ 60,000 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ 2.5 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ-ⴰⵔⴰⴳⴳⵓ (ch) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ 2,000 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ (ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 52,700 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ) ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵛⵛⵉⵡⵕ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵜⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ.[83]

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵜⵔⴰⵎ (tram) ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴷⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ 60 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵓⵙ/ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵕⵡⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵜⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⵉ.[84][85]

ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1888, ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.[86] ⵉⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳ 1886 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ.[87][88][89] ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⵔⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜ (ⵉⵏⴼⵓⴼⴼⴷⵏ), ⴷ ⵓⴼⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵏⴰⵏⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵣⴷⵉⵡ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ.[90]

ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ (ⴰⵎⵄⴰⵏ) ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ/ⴰⵏⵎⴷⵓ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵣⵏ ⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⵓⵜⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ.[91] ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ 1890, ⴷ ⴳ 1892 ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵄⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⴷⵓ/ⵓⵙⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⵏ "ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵉⴽ" ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.

ⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ ⴳ 1893.

ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 1893, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⵏⵊⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵍⴰⵎ, ⴰⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵕⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ (ⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰⵏ) ⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ". ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ/ⵓⵙⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.[92]

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1893, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ/ⵉⵔⵣⴰ ⵊⵓⵔⵊ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ "ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵉⴽ",[93] ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ[94][95]. ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⵢ, ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔⵏ ⵙ "ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ,[96] ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵅⵡⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ.[97]

ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙ "ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ".[98]

ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵢⴰⴳⴰⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1893, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵔⵉⵜⵛⴰⵔⴷ ⴷⵉⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵣ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵢⴰⴳⴰⵕⴰ ⵉ ⵉⴽⴰⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ. ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⵔⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ. ⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵔⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⵉ ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵥⵢⵢⵕⵏ/ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷ. ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵣ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵜⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ. ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴷⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵉⵢ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ. ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ "ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵉⴽ" ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.[99]

ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵜⵓⴷⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵉⴽ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵓⵏⵙⵥⵕⴰⴼ ⵊⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵀⵉⵜⵜⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ 1896,[100] ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ, ⵢⵓⵛⵛⵍ ⴼ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.[101][102] (ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 200,000 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴱⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴽ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴳ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ.[103]) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1897, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⵓ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⵓⵇⵇⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴷⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙ 216,000 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ.[104] ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴼⵓⴽⴽⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ 2.5 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵕⵎⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵎⴰⵎ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢ.[105]

ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ 30 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1891, ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ.[106] ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ 46 ⴰⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵀⵢⵓⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ.[107] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ "ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ" (Tesla coil).[108] ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1892-1894, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ (ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ).[109]

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵏⵥⵕⵙⵓⵍⴼⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X.

ⵜⵓⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵙⵓⵍⴼⵉⵏ (ⵜⵓⵔⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X)

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1894, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵏⵥⵕⵜ "ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⵕⴰⵏ" ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⴷⴳⴷⴳ/ⴰⵙⴼⵓⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ[110][111] (ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵏⵜⴳⵏ" ⵏⵖ "ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X"). ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵓⴽⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵚⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵅⵡⵓ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵊⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵣⵓⵔⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏ 50,000 ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1895 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ. ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵣ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ: «ⴰⵔ ⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵔⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵖ. ⵎⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵖ?».[112] ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X - ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵖⵓ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵍⵀⵉⵍⵎ ⴽⵓⵏⵔⴰⴷ ⵔⵓⵏⵜⴳⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1895 ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ/ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X - ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⴰⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⵜⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴳⴰⵢⵙⵍⵔ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵅⵡⴰⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵉⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵎⵉⵕⴰⵜ.[113]

ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1896, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⴽⴽⵔ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵏⵜⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X (ⵜⴰⵥⵏⵥⵕⵙⵓⵍⴼⵜ), ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵏⵥⵕⵙⵓⵍⴼⵜ, ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵉⵏⴰⵏ (ⵜⴰⵙⴹⵕⵜ) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵅⵡⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵛⵏⴱⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ (ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ "ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⵍⵜ"). ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ: «ⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵏⵜⴳⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓⵜⵏ.»[114]

ⵉⵖⴹⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ ⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵥⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵏⵜⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ/ⵓⵙⵎⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⵜⵔⵓⵣ. ⴷ ⵉⵣⴳⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⵏ X ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵣⵎⴰ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⴰⵣⵎⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ.[115][116]

ⴳ 11 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1934, ⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ "ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵀⵉⵔⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⴱⵢⵓⵏ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⵉⴽⵔⵜⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵕⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ (cathode) ⴷ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ: «ⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵇⵇⵉⵇ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵇⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵏⵓ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵇⵇⵉⵇ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⵔⵉⵏⵜ.». ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ: «ⵜⵉⵏⵛⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ... ⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ... ⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ.».[117]

ⴳ 1898, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ U.S. Patent 613,809

ⴰⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1893 ⴳ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵍⵓⵡⵉⵙ, ⵎⵉⵣⵓⵔⵉ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵉⵍⴰⴷⵉⵍⴼⵢⴰ, ⴱⵏⵙⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ.[118] ⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ.[119] ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ", ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ.[120]

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1898, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵖⴼ/ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ (U.S. Patent 613,809). ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⴳ 1896 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴳⵉⵔⵍⵜⵛ, ⵖⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ.[121] ⴳ 1898, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ.[122] ⴳⵍⵎⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵥⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵛⴽⵓⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔⵏ. ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⴳⴳⵉⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ.[123] ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⴳⴳⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ.[124] ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ (ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⴷⴷⵓ) ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵓⴳⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⵙⴱⵔⵉⵏⴳⵣ ⴳ 13 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1899.[125]

ⴳ 1900, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ "ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ" ⴷ "ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ". ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵓⵍⵢⵉⵍⵎⵓ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ 1901, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵓⵍⵢⵉⵍⵎⵓ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ 17 ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵇⵇⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ.[126] ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ 1903, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵏⵉ ⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵔⴰ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴳ 1904. ⴳ 1943, ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵉⴼⵔ ⵍⵓⴷⵊ ⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵙⵟⵓⵏ.[127] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⴰⵢ.[128] (ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵜⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵙⵓ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ).[129]

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 68 ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵏⴰⵡ/ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⴷⵉⴽⵏⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴳⵉⵡⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵎⴱⵓⵙ ⵙⴱⵔⵉⵏⴳⵔⵣ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴼⴰⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⵜⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵎ ⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⴱⵏ.[130]

ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⵙⴱⵔⵉⵏⴳⵣ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ 17 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1899, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⵙⴱⵔⵉⵏⴳⵣ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⵓⴷⵓⵣ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.[131] ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵜⵉ ⵉⴼ ⴷ ⴽⵉⵡⴰ,[132] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍ ⴰⴳⵜⵉⴼⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.[133] ⴳ 15 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1899, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵇⵣⵣⵉⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ 5 ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵚⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴹⵏⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵉⵥ.[134]

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵡⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴹⵓⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ.[135] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰ.[136][137]

ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔ ⴱⵓ ⵉⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵣⵣⵉⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ 135 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵛⵉⵍ (pied).[138] ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵍ ⴳ ⴽⵔⵉⴱⵍ ⴽⵔⵉⴽ. ⴷ ⵥⵕⴰⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵇⵣⵣⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⴼⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⴰⵢⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵣⴳⵏⵡⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ 100 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵛⵉⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵍ. ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵛⴹⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵖⵓⵣ.[139] ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ; ⵉⵣⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⴱⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1917 ⴳ The Electrical Experimenter.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴹⵓⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵏⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵊⵓⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵀⴰⵡⵜⵛⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ 8 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1899,[140] ⴷ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1900, ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵛⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵉⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ "ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ".[141][142] ⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴷⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵣⵉⵡⵖ.[143] ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ 9 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1901 ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴰⵡ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏ "ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵙⵜ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵣⵉⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.[144] ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳ 1899, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵊⴰⴽⵓⴱ ⴰⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ $100,000 ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ/ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⵙⴱⵔⵉⵏⴳⵣ.[145] ⴳ 1904, ⵉⵅⵍⴰ ⴷ (ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍ) ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.[146] ⵜⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⵔⴰⴷⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴳ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ.[147]

ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1900, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ $150,000 ($5,669,400 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ,[148] 51% ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜ ⴱⵉⵔⴱⵓⵏⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ), ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴳ ⵛⵓⵔⵀⴰⵎ, ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ, ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 100 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵓⵏⴳ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ.[149] ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ. ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵣⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ? ⵉⵔⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 1901, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴷⴳⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ.

ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1901, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳⵓⵍⵢⵉⵍⵎⵓ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ "S" ⵙⴳ ⵏⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵏⵢⵓⴼⴰⵡⵏⴷⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵍⴰⴱⵔⴰⴷⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ. ⴳ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 50 ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1902, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ 57 ⵏ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ. ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1903, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ.[150] ⴳ 14 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 1904, ⵉⵔⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ: «ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴽ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴼⴽⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ/ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⴼⴽⵖ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ», ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵉⵛⵓⴱ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵏⵜⵔⴱⵓⵔⵉ.

ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1902, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵀⵢⵓⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ.[151] ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 50 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ 1906, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴱⵓ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ 200 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵏ 16,000 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ/ⵜⵓⵙⴷⵉⴷⵜ. ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1910–1911, ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ 100–5,000 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ.[152]

ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴳ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⴳ 1904. ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵖⵥⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ.

ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵊⴳⵓⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⴳⴳⵓ — ⴰⵎⵊⴳⵓⴳⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵊⴳⵓⴳⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵀⵢⵓⵙⵜⵓⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴰⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵜⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵉ, ⵜⵖⵍⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵔⴳⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵣⵜ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵍⵜⴰ.[153] ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1912, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴱⵏⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ "ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴱⵓ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ "ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ: «ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴽⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵉⵎⵎⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵛⵉⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴷⵍⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ/ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴹⵓ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ».[154]

ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵥⵉⵕ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1912, ⵉⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴹⵓⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵖⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵊⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ/ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵖⵔⵓⵅⵙⵓⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵏⴼⵍ ⵜⴷⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵙ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵥⴰⵕⵓⵎⵖⵏⴰⵟⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴼⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⵎⵛⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⴽⵙⵡⵉⵍ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ.[155]

ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⵉⵣⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵉⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⵙ $20,000 ($627,800 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ[156]).[157] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1917, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵅⵍⴰ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵥⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ.[158] ⴳ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1917 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ Electrical Experimenter, ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵜⵓ/ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵟⴰⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵏ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵔ/ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵥⴰⵕ (screen) ⴰⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉ (ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵕⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ[159]). ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵥⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ/ⵓⵔⵛⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ.[160] ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴳⵉⵔⴰⵔⴷⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵚⴹⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1953 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⵛⵉⵍⵏ ⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ: «ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵍ/ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ».[161]

ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ 6 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1915, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵢⵜⵔⵣ ⴳ ⵍⵓⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1915 ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵔⵓⵢⵜⵔⵣ ⴳ ⵙⵜⵓⴽⵀⵓⵍⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵙⵙⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⴱⵔⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵍⵓⵔⴰⵏⵙ ⴱⵔⴰⴳ ⵉ ⵜⵏⵓⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⴰⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ X.[162][163][164] ⴷ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ/ⵏⵖ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ.[165] ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ «ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⴳⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵍⴰⵍⵜ; ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⴳⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵔⵓⵣ».[166]

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵓⵣⵏ ⵉⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵛⵓⵏⴳⴰ/ⵓⵎⵍⵍⵓⴳⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ; ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵏⴰⵣⴰⵖⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ; ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⴷⵔⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⴱⵖⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵎⵉⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ($20,000) ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ.[167][168]

ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵜⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵎⵉⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ (ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1815, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ 1937).[169]

ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵎⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ U.S. Patent 1٬119٬732

ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1919 ⴷ 1922, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵍⵡⴰⴽⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⴰⵍⵉⵙ-ⵛⴰⵍⵎⴰⵔ".[170] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1928, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ, U.S. Patent 1,655,114, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴷⵉⴷ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴽⵏⵏⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⴳⵣⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵢⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ.[171] ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⵣ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ $1,000.[172] ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵏⵉⵡⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵓⵔⴱⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵢⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍⵏ.[173]

ⴰⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ ⴳ 23 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1915, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1934, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹ ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ 125$ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ "ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽⵔ", ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ. ⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏⴳⵀⴰⵡⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ.[174][175][176] ⵜⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵕⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ "ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵛⵉⵡⵕ" ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵔⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴹⴽⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵔⴽ ⵙⵉⴼⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵔⵉⴳⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⵏ.[177]

ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵎⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1935, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵥⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵖⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⵓⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ.[178]

ⴳ ⵓⵎⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937, ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵜⴱⵉⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵛⵜⵜⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ, ⵜⵓⵜ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵕⵥⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ (ⵓⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴹ; ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ). ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵜⵏ, ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵣⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵃⴰⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵛ ⵉⵜⴱⵉⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵕⵥⵎⵜ; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ, ⴼⵍⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵜⴱⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1938, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵛ ⵏ ⵉⵜⴱⵉⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵣⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵛ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.[179]

ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ:

  1. ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵙⴰⴼⴰ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵉⵕⴱⵉⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1892.
  2. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵢⵓⵜ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1894.[180]
  3. ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴷⴰⵏⵉⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1895.[181]
  4. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴷⵉⵙⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1917.
  5. ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵙⴰⴼⴰ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵖⵓⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1926.
  6. ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴰⵢⵓⵖⵓⵙⵍⴰⴼⵉⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1931.
  7. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵙⴽⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1934.
  8. ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵉⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵖⵓⵙⵍⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1936.
  9. ⴰⴷⵍⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵣⵎ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ - ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⵉⴽⵓⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937.
  10. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1937.
  11. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⴽⵍⵉⵎⵏⵜ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵓⴼⵢⴰ-ⴱⵓⵍⵖⴰⵔⵢⴰ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1939.

ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴳ 7 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1943, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵃⴰⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 3327 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ.[182] ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⴰⵍⵉⵙ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵃⴰⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵃⴰⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⵅⵅⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵔⵙⵉⵏⵎ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵃⴰⵏⵓ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵡⵉⵎⴱⵍⵉ ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵍ. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵏⴽⵍⵉⴼ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵔⴷⵙⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴽ.

ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ.[183] ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ «ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵓ»: ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴱⵉⵏ ⵊⵓⵏⵙⵓⵏ. ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ «ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵢⴼⵉⴷ ⵀⴰⵜⵛⵔ ⵜⵛⴰⵢⵍⴷⵔⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ.

ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ,[184] ⵢⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ «ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵎⴰ"[185] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1900, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ «ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⴰⴳⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ» ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ.[186][187]

ⵉⵙⵎⵖⵔⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ, ⴰⵕⴰⴹⵢⵓ, ⴰⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ. ⵀⴰⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ.

ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
  • ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ
  • ⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙ  ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕ ⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵛⵉⴽⵓⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵢⴰ - ⴳ ⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.
  • ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ - ⵜⵉⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵜ.
  • ⵉⵔⵉⴽⵙⵓⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ
  • ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ; ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴳ 1956.[188]

ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
  • ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ - 10 ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ.[189]
  • ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ - ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵓⵢⴼⵓⴷⵉⵏⴰ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ.[190]
  • ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ - ⵉⵎⵓⵣⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵢⴰⴳⴰⵕⴰ, 10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ.
  • ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴽⵔⵓⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ, 10 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ.[191]
  • ⵕⴰⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵀⵉⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵕⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⵓⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ[192]

ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
  • ⴰⵣⴰⴳⵯⵣ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵍⴳⵔⴰⴷ.[193]
  • ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴱⵍⴳⵔⴰⴷ.[194]
  • ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ TPP (ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ) ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵯⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵚⵉⵕⴱⵢⴰ.
  • ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ 128 ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⴽ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴽⵔⵓⵡⴰⵜⵢⴰ.
  • ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴹⵉ ⴰⵡⵟⵟⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ 26 ⵏ ⵓⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ.

ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵉⴽⵏⵓⵍⵓⵊⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2012 ⴳ ⵔⵉⴷⵎⵓⵏⴷ ⵡⴰⵛⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ.[195]

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
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