ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵚⵚⵖⵉⵔ
| ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵚⵚⵖⵉⵕ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
| ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 1980 ⴰⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵙⵄⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵏⵉⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ |  ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ | |
| ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | ⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ |
| ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ | ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢⵜ |
| ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ | ⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵄⵍⵉ ⵥⵕⴰⵢⴼⴰ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ) |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ  | |
ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵚⵚⵖⵉⵕ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1980) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵏⵏⵊ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰⵢ, ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵕⵕⵉⵊⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏⵉⵏ.[1]
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵚⵚⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵙⵄⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵍⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵏⵉⵜ). ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1994 ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴳⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵊⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.[2]
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵚⵚⵖⵉⵕ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ" ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⵢⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1998, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ" ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⴷ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1999 ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ "ⴰⵖⵥⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴰⵍ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⵍⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵛⵉⵛ", ⴷ "ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ".
ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2001, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵚⵚⵖⵉⵕ", ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ.
ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002 ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ "ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ" ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵙⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ "ⵍⵀⵎⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ/ⴰⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ" ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⴷ.
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2005, ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ. ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵢⵃ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⴷⴷⵓⵊ ⴷ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⴱⵓⵍⵎⴰⵣⵖⵉ.
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎⵏ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ.[3]
ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵓⵔ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵚⵚⵖⵉⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ "ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏ", ⴷ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴹⵚⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵕⵕⵉⵊⵏ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ (2002).
- ⵍⵀⵎⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ/ⴰⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ (2002).
- ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵓⵃⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷⵉⵏ/ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ.
- ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵉⵔ/ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ.
- ⵍⵄⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵣ/ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵣ.
- ⵜⵉⵔⵔⵓⴳⵣⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ).
- ⴱⵓⵙⵙⵍⴰⵎ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ).
- ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵇⵕⵕⴰⵏ.
- ⵥⵕⴰⵢⴼⴰ.
- ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ/ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ.
- ⵍⵄⴱⴰⵕ ⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏ
- ⵓⵎⴰⵊⵓⵊ ⵉⴱⵉⵇⵇⵙ
- ⵜⵓⵔⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵀⵏⴰ
- ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉ
ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵎⵉⴷⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⴰⵖⵥⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴰⵍ
- ⵄⵓⵟⵉⵍ ⵍⵎⵓⵔⵓ
- ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵔⵉⵜ ⴰ ⴱⴰⵇⵇⵛⵉⵛ
- ⴰⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ
- ⵡⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵃⴱⴱⵓⴹ
- ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ
- ⵎⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ
ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵚⵚⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ:
ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵚⵚⵖⵉⵕ, ⵙⴱⵔⵉⵏⴳ ⵜⴼ, 04 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2024, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 10 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.
- ^ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵚⵚⵖⵉⵕ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽ, 24 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2024, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 10 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.
- ^ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵚⵟⴰⴼⴰ ⵚⵚⵖⵉⵔ ⴳ ⴳⵓⴳⵍ, ⴱⵍⵓⴳⵕ.ⴽⵓⵎ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 10 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.
