ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ  | |
|---|---|
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | ⴼⵉⴳⵉⴳ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1935, 1936 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴰ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 3 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2010, 1 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2010 |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ | ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | |
| ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ | ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, Arab philosophy, educational sciences, author, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, academic, novelist |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | journalist, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, author |
| ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ | ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ |
| ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ | Issues in contemporary Arab thought, Q122229325 |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ |
| ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ |
| ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ | |
| ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ | Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ (27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1935 - 3 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2010) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴰⵡⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ/ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 30 ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵜ ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴱⵏ ⵕⵓⵛⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ.[1]
ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵍⴰ/ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1935, ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴳⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵥⵏⴰⴳⴰ ⴰ ⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵓⴼ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ/ⵉⴷ ⵅⴰⵍⵉⵙ.ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵊⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵟⵟⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵖⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ,ⴷ ⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ .ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ , ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵖⵉⵏ .
ⵍⵀⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵔⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⴳⴳⵉ ⴰⵡⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚ . ⴷ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ .
ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵃⴰⵊ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⴰⵕⴰⵊ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,ⴰⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴽⵯⵥⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵉⴳⵉⴳ. ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵜ/ ⵏⵏⵀⴹⴰ ⵍⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵢⴰ" ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴹⴼⵉⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙⵔⵙ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1949 ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵊⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⵕⵕⴰⴱⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⵍⵃⵍⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ/ⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1951-1952. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1955, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵍⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1957 ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ.
ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵛⵇ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1961.
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ 1967, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ 1970 ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⵍⵃⴱⴰⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ. ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⵉⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1968, ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⵕⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1959. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴳ 1963 ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1965 ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1962, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ 1975, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ 1981.
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ
ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⴱⵉⴷ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ "ⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵚⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ .ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ "ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵜⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ : " ⴰⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ".[2][3]
ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵎⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵥⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵚⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ "ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵙⵓⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴱⴰⵣⵜ" ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴼⵇⵀⵉⵜ (ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ/ⵎⴰⴷⵀⴰⴱ) ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ (ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ) ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ/ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵏ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⴹⵉⵚ ⵓⵣⵖⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙⵢⴰ.
ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 1973.
- ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ 1976 .
- ⵏⴽⴽⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ :ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ 1980.
- ⵜⵓⵙⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ 1986 .
- ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ : ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ..ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ 1988.
- ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵉⵜ : ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵕⴱⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰ 1995.
- ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⵙ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ 2006 .
- ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵉⵥ ⴰⵙⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⴳⵣ 2008 .[4]
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵍⵊⴰⴱⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵏⴰⵙ 03 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2010 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ/ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ .
