ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ
ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ  | |
|---|---|
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  |
ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⵥⵕⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵔⵛⴰⵛ ⴷ ⴽⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ "ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵜ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1972 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ (ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ). ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵖⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷⵏⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴼⴼⵉ/ⵓⵣⴼⵣⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ.[1]
ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵔⵓⴳⵣⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ, ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵇⵇⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ.
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵔⵅⵉ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ "ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⴳⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵇⵎⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ/ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵍⴱⵚⵕⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ/ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵥ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴱ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1981, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⵉⵍⵜ/ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵜⵡⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ" ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵡⴼⴰⵍⴰⵚⵟⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵔ ⵄⴰⵕⴰⴼⴰⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⴷⴰⴽⴰⴹ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵍⵓⵍⵜ "ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵚⵟⵉⵏ".[2]
ⴰⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵍⵄⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⵍⵎⵔⴰⵏⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵜ/ⵜⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡⵜ, ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵅⵜⵉ, ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵙ ⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ. ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ, ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⴷⵉ, ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ ⵛⵛⴰⴷⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵍⴱⵓⵎⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵎ "ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰ" ⴷ "ⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏⵉ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ :ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ, ⵉⵍⵀⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵜⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ" ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵃ ⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵙⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴽⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵃⴹⵓ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵉⴼⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴹⴼⴰⵕ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵕⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2001, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵍⵎⵔⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2004, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴹⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵜ.[3]
ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵛⴰⵀⴱ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- 1972: ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵛⵛⵔⵉⴼ ⵍⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏⵉ (ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⵉⵏ)
- 1972: ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷⴰ ⴱⵉⵔⵓⴽ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵔⵜ)
- 1974: ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵎⴰ (ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ)
- 1975: ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵓⵙⴷⵉ (ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ)
- 1975: ⵎⴱⴰⵕⴽ ⵛⵛⴰⴷⵍⵉ (ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ)
- 1976: ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉ (ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ)
- 1974: ⵍⴱⵅⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ (ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ)
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- 1973: ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰ/ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙⵜ .
- 1974: ⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏⵉ/ⵙⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵉⵢⵉ .
- 1978: ⵅⵍⵉⵍⵉ/ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵉⵏⵓ .
- 1981: ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
- 1984: ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴳⵉ.
- 1986: ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ .
- 1988: ⴰⵎⵅⵍⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ .
- 1990: ⴰⵙⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⵉⴷ ⴷⵉⵜⵉ .
- 1996: ⵉⵍⵍ .
- 2000: ⵚⴰⵍⴰⵃ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ .
- 2002: ⴰⵎⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵖⴰⵔⵜ .[4]
