ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⵢⴰⵜⵉ
ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵣⵣⵉⵢⴰⵜⵉ  | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | Hassan, Leo  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Granada |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 1483, 1500, 1490, 1494, 1496 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | Tunis |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 1600, 1548, 1550 |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | Emirate of Granada, Status Pontificius, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | Emirate of Granada, Status Pontificius, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ex-Muslims, Catholicism |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ | ex-Muslims, Catholicism |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | explorer, geographer, diplomat, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ |
| ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ | Description of Africa |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | University of al-Qarawiyyin |
| ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | University of al-Qarawiyyin |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⵣⵉⵢⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ " ⵉⵣⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ-ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ ⵏⵖ "ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ (1488 - 1554). ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵢ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴽⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ".[1]
ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵖⵕⵏⴰⵟⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴹⴹⵕ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 901 ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ/ⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉⵢⴰ / 1495 ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 906 ⵏ ⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉⵢⴰ / 1500. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ "ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ" ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴳ "ⵍⵇⴰⵕⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ". ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵏ/ⵍⴱⵉⵄⵜⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵟⵟⴰⵙⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ,ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵇⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓⵇⴰⵍⵉ/ⴰⵍⵉⵜⵛⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵇⴰⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵎⴱⵓⴽⵟⵓ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵟⴰⵏⴱⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵏⵣⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵢⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵔⴱⴰ. ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵣⵏ ⵜ, ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵣⵣⵉⴼⵜ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉ/ⴰⵡⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ. ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ «ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ» ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1399 ⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉⵢⴰ / 1979 ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⵉⴷⴰ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵀⵓ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ,ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵎ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵓⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.
ⵖⴼ ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵡⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵍⵅⵓⵊⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 1941 (ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ" ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1986). ⴷ ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵕⵕⵓⵎⵢⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⴰⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⴷⵔⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ.[2]
ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ
ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵍⵓⵏⵢⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 930 ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⴰⴳⵜ( ⵀⵉⵊⵔⵉⵢⴰ) – 1524, ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ-ⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ. ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵍⵃⵊⵡⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ.
ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵅⴼⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵎⵄⵍⵓⴼ
ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵎⵄⵍⵓⴼ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ "ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ" ⵙ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵜ.
ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴱⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵙⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵙⵉ, ⴳ ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2011, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ «ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ, ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍⵏ» (Leo Africanus A Man Between Worlds), ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵖⵔⵏⴰⵟⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵢⵓⴷⴷⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⵓⴽⵜⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ(ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ).
ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⵢⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵊⵉⵔⵉⵎⵉ ⵊⵉⴼⵙ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷ ⵍⴰⵟⵕⴰⵛ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ «ⵖⴼ ⵉⵥⵎⵎⵓⵥⵥⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ», ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵜⵢⵓⴱ.
ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ .
