ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ
| ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ | |
|---|---|
| Jacques Marie Louis Bénet | |
 | |
| ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
| ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 8 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1915 ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴼⵉⵍ ⴽⵅⵓⴼⵓ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 23 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 2009 ⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵖ ⴷⵉ ⴼⵉⵙⵉ |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ | |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ | |
| ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢ |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ |
| ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ | ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ | |
| ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ | |
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ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ  | |
ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Jacques Bénet) ⵏⵖ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⵉⴼ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵎⴰⵖⵉ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵏⵏ (ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ). ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 8 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1915 ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴱⵍⴰⵏⴼⵉⵍ ⴽⵅⵓⴼⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵕⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉ, ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2009 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 23 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵓⵖ ⴷⵉ ⴼⵉⵙⵉ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ.[1][2][3]
ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵙⵜ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵖⵡⵓⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1933 ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⵜⵏⵕⵥⵎⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵎⵙⴰ, ⵀⴰⵏⴳⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵛⵉⴽⵉⵙⵍⵓⴼⴰⴽⵢⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵍⴽⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵎⴰⵖⵉⵙⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵜⵍⴰ.[1]
ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1936, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1935 ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ[1] ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1938. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1939 ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵓⵏ.[4]
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ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ), ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵏ 1867. -
ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ.
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵕⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵢⵏ-ⵍⴰⵎⴱⵉⵕ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⵡⵓⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1933 ⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⵏ ⵎⴰⵖⵉⵙⵜ (ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵏ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ 104 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵊⵉⵖⴰⵖ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱ ⴱⴰⵜⵕⵉⴽ ⵓⵕⴰⵢⵍⵉ. ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵖⵓⴱⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵕⵉⴽ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1938, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵜⵍⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ.[1]
ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
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ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1939 ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940 ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⵙⵉ ⴳ 17 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1940, ⴳ 11 ⵢⴰⵏⴰⵢⵔ 1941 ⵉⵔⵡⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴱⴱⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ.[4]
ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
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ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1942. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1942, ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴷ ⴼⵅⵓⵏⵙⵡⴰ ⵎⵉⵜⵉⵖⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⴱⵉⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1943, ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⴽⵔⵉⵜⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⵉⵜ, ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵙⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵓⵏⴼⴼⵓⵢ ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ. ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴷ ⴼⵅⵓⵏⵙⵡⴰ ⵎⵉⵜⵉⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.[4]
ⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1944 ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 12 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ, ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴼⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ, ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ, ⴼⵅⵓⵏⵙⵡⴰ ⵎⵉⵜⵉⵖⴰⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ, ⴼⵉⵍⵉⴱ ⴷⵓⵛⴰⵅⵜⵅ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵖⵓⴱⵉⵖ ⴱⴱⵓⵎⵉⵢⵢⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.[5]
ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
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ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1944 ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⴼⵔⵉⵏⴰⵢ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵙ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓ. ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵛⴰⵕⵍ ⴷⵓ ⴳⵓⵍ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⴰ, ⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵛⴰⵕⵍ ⴷⵓ ⴳⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ.[6]
ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1943 ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴽⵔⵉⵜⵉⵔ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵥⵓⵊⵉⵏⵏ (ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⴰⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵔⴳⵉⵜ).[4] ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1948, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ. ⵙⴳ 1949 ⴰⵔ 1958 ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⴰⵏⴳⴰⵕⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴷⵢⵓ-ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ. ⴳ 1958 ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵕⴰⴷⵢⵓ-ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ, ⵎⴽ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵖ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ (ⵏⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ) ⴷ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵍⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ.[6]
ⵉⵡⵍ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1944 ⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵔⵓ ⴷⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ. ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1949 ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ, ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵎⵎⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵕⵕⵥⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ.[6] ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1975, ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵖⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⴰⵖⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴼⵅⵓⵏⵙⵡⴰ ⵎⵉⵜⵉⵔⴰⵏⴷ.[7]
ⴰⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
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ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴼⵓⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵖ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉ ⴱⴰⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1951 ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1952 (ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ). ⴰⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵜ ⵙ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴽ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ.[7]
ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⴱⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1944, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⵣⴷⵖⵏ. ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴼⵅⵓⵏⵙⵡⴰ ⵎⵉⵜⵉⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵛⵉⴼⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵡⵉ[8] ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵔⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔⵛⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵉ ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ.[7]
ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1954, ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵏⴳⵓ ⴷⵉⵏⵀ ⵏⵀⵓ, ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⴳⵓ ⴷⵉⵏⵀ ⴷⵢⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴼⵢⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1956, ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵙ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ, ⵉⴼⵜⵓ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵢⴳⵓⵏ. ⴳ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ, ⵢⵓⵔⵎ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵯⴷⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴷⵢⵉⵎ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵏⵀⵓ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ.[7]
ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ, ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ (ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, 1983), ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ (ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ) ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ (ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1985).[7]
ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵙⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⵢⴰⵍ (1989, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ 38-39) ⴷ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵊⵓ, ⴰⴷⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⴰⴱⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵍⵓⵕⵉⵏ (1426-1470). ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵣⵉⴽ.[7]
ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 1979 ⴷ 1979, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵙⴽ ⵍⵓ ⵀⴰⵖⴷ.[7]
ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵊⴰⴽ ⴱⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ, ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ:[7]
ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, 1946- ⴰⵏⵛⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵥⴰⴹⵓ, 1949
ⴰⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ, 1982
ⴰⴽⵓⵎⴰⵏⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⴳⵔ, 1986
ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ a b c d ⴱⵖⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⴱⵉⵅⵙⵉ, ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ, 2011, 169-2, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 667 (ⴳⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏⵏⴽ)
- ^ ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ
- ^ ⵎⵃⵏⵏⴷ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ (ⵥⵕ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ)
- ^ a b c d ⴱⵖⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⴱⵉⵅⵙⵉ, ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ, 2011, 169-2, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 668 (ⴳⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏⵏⴽ)
- ^ ⴱⵖⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⴱⵉⵅⵙⵉ, ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ, 2011, 169-2, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ 668-669 (ⴳⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏⵏⴽ)
- ^ a b c ⴱⵖⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⴱⵉⵅⵙⵉ, ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ, 2011, 169-2, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 669 (ⴳⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏⵏⴽ)
- ^ a b c d e f g h ⴱⵖⵉⵏⵓ ⴷⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙ, ⴰⴳⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴱⴱⵉⵅⵙⵉ, ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ, 2011, 169-2, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 670 (ⴳⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⵟ ⵏⵏⴽ)
- ^ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ