ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ
ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ  | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | Émile  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Épinal |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 15 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1858 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 15 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1917 |
| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | cerebral hemorrhage |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ | Montparnasse Cemetery |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ |
| ⴰⵥⵓⵕ | ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ | ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | |
| ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ | sociology of religion, ethnology |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | anthropologist, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, sociologist, professor, historian of religion |
| ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ | université de Paris, École pratique des hautes études, University of Bordeaux |
| ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ | The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, The Division of Labour in Society, Education and Sociology (book) |
| ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ | |
| ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ | Carolina Di Marco |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | École normale supérieure - PSL, Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Universität Leipzig, University of Bordeaux |
| ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | École normale supérieure - PSL, Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Universität Leipzig, University of Bordeaux |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ (15 ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵍ 1858 - 15 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1917) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵔⵙ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵉⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ. ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵖⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⴰⵎⵉ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴷⵓ ⴱⵡⵉⵣ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⵍ ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵎⴰⴽⵙ ⴼⵉⴱⵔ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.[1]
ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴰⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵃⴹⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⵍⴷⴰⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ(1893),. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1895 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⵟⵟⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵜ", ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1898 ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ "ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ". ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ "Le Suicide/ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ" (1897), ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵔⵓⵜⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ "ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵖⵓⵕⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ.[2]
ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⵙ ⵜⴳⵔⴱⴰⵣⵜ.
ⵉⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴽⴰⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1917. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⴼ ( ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ). ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴰⴽⵓⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⴰⵏⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ" ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ.
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⵏⴰⵍ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵅⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵃⵕⵛⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1879 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵊⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⴱⵉⵔⵖⵙⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ "ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ"( ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ). ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵃⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴷⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴱⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ; ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ.[3]
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵎⵉ ⴷⵓⵔⴽⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ 15 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1917 ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙ.
ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, 1893.
- ⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, 1895.
- ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, 1897.
- ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ, 1912
- ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ (1922)
- ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ (1925)
- ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴷⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵜ(ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴰⵏ) ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⴰ (1938)
- ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ( 1970).[4]