ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍ
ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍ  | |
|---|---|
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | Abdullah  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵜ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | ⴽⵔⵉⴼⵍⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴰⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 1059 ⵏⵖ 1058 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ | ⴰⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳ ⴽⵔⵉⴼⵍⴰ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ | ⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉ |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ |
| ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ | |
| ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ | Tin Izamaren |
| ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ | Tin Izamaren |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ |
| ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ | |
| ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ | Imam |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: عبد الله بن ياسين; ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵖ "ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵜ", ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵖ 7 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ 1059 ⴷ.ⵍ ⵖ "ⴽⵔⵉⴼⵍⴰ", ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉ, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ)[1] ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ, ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹ.[2]
ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵉ, ⴰⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: جزولة) ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴰⵙⴰⴱⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔⵜ.[1][3] ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⵓ ⵣⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⵍⵎⴹⵉⵢ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ,[4] ⵉⵖⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵔⵉⴱⴰⵟ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ "ⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵍ-ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜⵉⵏ" (ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹⵏ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵓ (ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ). ⵖ 1046, ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵉⴱⴰⵟ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ), ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⵓ ⵣⵍⵍⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ. ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵓⵍ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵉ, ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⵛⴱⴱⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵔⴳⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵜⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵜ.
ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵯⵉ ⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ, ⴰⵎⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵇⴱⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵜⵓⵏⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⵡⵍⴰ.
ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹ ⵙ ⵜⵇⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⵜⵓⵏⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉ. ⵖ 1054, ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⵡⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵓⴷⵓⴽⵙⵉⵜ - ⴳⵔ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵏⵥⵉⵥ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ, ⴹⵕⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴽⴽⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵅⵎⵙ (1/5) ⵏ ⵜⵡⴱⴱⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ. ⴰⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⵓ ⵖ 1055.
ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵃⴰ ⵓ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⵖ 1056 ⵖ ⵜⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵓⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⴰ ⴰⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⴽⵔ ⵓ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ (1056-1087) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⵔ ⴰⵄⵙⴽⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ. ⵉⵅⵯⵍⴰ ⴰⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⴽⵔ ⵙⵉⵊⵉⵍⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵕⴰⴱⴹ ⵙ ⵛⵛⵉⵍ. ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵜ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵖⵎⴰⵜ (ⵜⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ) ⵖ 1058.
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴱⵓⵔⵖⵡⴰⵟⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ 1059. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵓⵍⴰⵢⵎⴰⵏ ⵓ ⵃⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵅⵍⴼⵏ.[5] ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴱⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵎⴹⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ.
ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- Norris, H.T. 1971. New evidence on the life of ‘Abdullah B. Yasin and the origins of the Almoravid movement. The Journal of African History, Vol. 12, No. 2 (1971), pp. 255–268.
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ a b Thomas, Douglas; Alanamu, Temilola (2018-12-01). African Religions: Beliefs and Practices through History (in ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-61069-752-1.
- ^ Fierro, Maribel (2010), Fierro, Maribel (ed.), "The Almohads (524–668/1130–1269) and the Ḥafṣids (627–932/1229–1526)", The New Cambridge History of Islam: Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries, The New Cambridge History of Islam, vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–105, ISBN 978-0-521-83957-0, retrieved 2024-01-11
- ^ Hespéris: archives berbères et bulletin de l'Institut des hautes-études marocaines (in ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ). Librairie Larose. 1949. p. 323.
- ^ Chaker, Salem (1995). Linguistique berbère: études de syntaxe et de diachronie (in ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ). Peeters Publishers. p. 161. ISBN 978-2-87723-152-7.
- ^ Abdallah Laroui, L'histoire du Maghreb, 1982, p.151, ISBN 2-7071-1359-X.
| ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ | |
|---|---|
| ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ | |
| ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ | |
