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ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ

ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ
ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ
ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ
ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ
ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏAbdullah ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ) ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ7 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1933 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
ⴰⵙⴳⴷⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜhistorian, journalist, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ, novelist, intellectual, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏThe entire history of Morocco, Q16125607 ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜLatifa Benjelloun ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏAbdelkader Benjelloun ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷLycée Lyautey, Sciences Po, Paris-Sorbonne (1971–2018) ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜLycée Lyautey, Sciences Po, Paris-Sorbonne (1971–2018) ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏCatalonia International Prize, Sheikh Zayed Book Award ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ

ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 7 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1933) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ/ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ/ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴰⴹ. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ" ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 11 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵣⴰⵢⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2017.[1]

ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1933 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ 7 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ. ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ.

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1953. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵖⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1956. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ/ⴰⴳⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1958, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⵎⵉⵏ/ⵍⵉⵙⵍⵎⵉⵢⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1963.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1976 ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ: 1830-1912". ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2000.[2]

ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵉ/ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ/ⵉⵎⵊⵕⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴳⴳⵉ/ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵙⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵀⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ,ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵉⵍⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵟⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ.[3]

ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
  1. ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, 1971.
  2. ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ: ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, 1978.
  3. ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ/ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⴰ, 1980.
  4. ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ, 1981.
  5. ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, 1981.
  6. ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ/ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, 1983.
  7. ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, 1984.
  8. ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ/ⵍⴼⴰⵔⵉⵇ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ, 1986.
  9. ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ/ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵇ, ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ, 1989.
  10. ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, 1992.
  11. ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵜ, 1996.
  12. "ⵖⴰⵢⵍⴰ": ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ. ⵙⵙⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴷ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, 2009.
  13. ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ (ⵉⵙⵎⵍⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2015).
  14. ⴰⵎⵙⵇⵙⵉ, 2016.
  15. ⴳⵔ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, 2020.

ⵜⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⴷⴼ/ⵜⵍⴰⴽⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⵓⵏⵜⵉⵙⴽⵢⵓ 2011.

ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜ/ⵓⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ .

ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⵉⵡⵡⵓⵔⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ" ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 11 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵣⴰⵢⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ.

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
  1. ^ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ)
  2. ^ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ
  3. ^ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵔⵡⵉ ( ⵙ ⵜⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ)