ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳⵏⵏⵓⵏ
ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳⵏⵏⵓⵏ  | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ | |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ | Abdullah  |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | ⴼⴰⵙ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 16 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1908 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1989 |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ | ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | |
| ⴰⵙⴳⴷ | ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ | ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ |
| ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | |
| ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ | historian, politician, ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ |
| ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ | ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵇⴰⵀⵉⵔⴰ, Damascus University |
| ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ | Al-Nubūgh al-Maghribī fī al-ʾAdab al-ʿArabī |
| ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ | |
| ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ | Q131825592 |
| ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ | Q131825592 |
| ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ | |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵚⵚⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⴳⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏⵉ, (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 1908 ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1989 ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ(ⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ) ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴷ ⵓⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ/ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵜⵊⵕⵎⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵚⵕⵕⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1989.[1]
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵉⵃⵙⴰ ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵄⴱⴷⵚⵚⴰⵎⴰⴷ ⴳⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⵙⵉⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵃⵙⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵔ(ⵉⵃⴰⴷⵉⵜⵏ).
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴳⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵚⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵖⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵖⴰⵏⵉⴱ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵜⵎⴼⴽⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⵔⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵉⴱⵓⵍⵍⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵇⴰⵕⴰⵡⵉⵢⵢⵉⵏ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓ ⵢⵓⵙⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵎⵓⵄⵏ/ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ .
ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⴳ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵛⵛⴰⵎ ⵙⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⴹⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ "ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ" ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ.
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ. ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵇⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ.ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ "ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ" ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ. ⵉⴼⵍ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵉⴹⵉⵔⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴰⵢⴱ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⵖⵓⵔⵜ, ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ . ⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴳⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⵖⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ.[2]
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]1932- ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵇⵉⵀ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ .
1939- ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ.
1945- ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵡⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ.
1948- ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
1949- ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
1953- ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ 20/8/53.
1960- ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ/ⵜⵎⵏⴷⴰⵡⵜ.
1961- ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ.
1981- ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.
1981- ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ.
1989- (9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ) ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ.
ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⴰⵙⴰⴷⴼ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ .[3]