ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ

ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ
ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ
ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ	Bertrand, Arthur, William
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ	Trellech
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ	18 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1872
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	Plas Penrhyn, Penrhyndeudraeth
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	2 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1970
ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ	influenza
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ	ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ	ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
ⴰⵙⴳⴷ	ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ
ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ	ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ
ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ	set theory, ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ, ⵜⴰⵥⵕⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ, ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, philosophy of language, philosophy of science, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, mathematical logic, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ
ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ	mathematician, social critic, essayist, logician, epistemologist, philosopher of language, ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⵎⵙⴼⵉⵔⴳⴰⵎⴰ, analytic philosopher, autobiographer, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ, science fiction writer, philosopher of science, ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ, peace activist, journalist, ⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ, ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ, pedagogue, pacifist
ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ	University of California, Los Angeles, Harvard University, UChicago, London School of Economics and Political Science
ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ	Labour Party, Liberal Party
ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ	ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵍⴹⴰⵏⵜ, freethought, ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ
ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ	Proposed Roads to Freedom, My Philosophical Development, The Problems of Philosophy, Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, Power: A New Social Analysis, In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays, The Principles of Mathematics, A History of Western Philosophy, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, Marriage and Morals, Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits, Justice in war time, Principia Mathematica, Human society in ethics and politics, Wisdom of the West, The Conquest of Happiness
ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ	Alys Pearsall Smith, Dora Russell, Patricia Russell, Countess Russell, Edith Finch Russell
ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ	John Russell, Viscount Amberley
ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ	Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley
ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ	Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell, John Russell, 4th Earl Russell, Katharine Tait, Lady Harriet Russell
ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ	John Russell, Viscount Amberley, Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley
ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ	ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, Trinity College
ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ	ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, Trinity College
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ	ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ	ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ
ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ	HM Prison Brixton
ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ	member of the House of Lords
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ	ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ, Fellow of the Royal Society, Medal Carl von Ossietzky, Kalinga Prize, De Morgan Medal, Sylvester Medal, Jerusalem Prize, doctor honoris causa from the University of Aix-Marseille, Sonning Prize
ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ

ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ (1872-1970) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵍⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.   

ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⴳ ⵕⴰⵢⴼⵏⵚⴽⵕⵓⴼⵜ, ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵉⵛ, ⵎⵓⵏⵎⴰⵡⵜⵛⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵕⴰⵍⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⵚⵜⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ. ⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ 1874, ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵃⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1876. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ/ⵊⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ ,ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷ  ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏ . ⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵇⵍⵉⴷⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⴰ .

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1890 ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵕⵉⴹⵊ, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1893.

ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1918 ⴳ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⴽⵙⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ. ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ.

ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ

ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ  ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ (german social democracy). ⵍⵍⵉ  ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ , ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ . ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1903 ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ  ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ "ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ .

ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1901-1902 ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵏⵣⵔⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵖⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⵜⴰⵏⵏⵣⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ "

ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ "ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵏ (theory of descriptions), ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ" (on denoting) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1905.

ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ "ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏⵜ " ( logical Atomism) ,ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ .

ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵡⵉⵜ (A History of Western Philosophy).

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ:

• ⵎⴰⵅⵅ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ /ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉ(1927).
• ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵓ (1925).
• ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ (1935).
• ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ:
• ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ (1927)
• ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ (1910).
• ⵜⵉⵏⵥⴻⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.
• ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ

ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴽⵙⴰⵢⵏ 1967-1968-1969.

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ  ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ 2 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 97 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ. ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵏⵕⵀⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ.

ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ  ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ

ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ 1908: ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ.

ⵙⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1908 ⴰⵔ 1931: ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ, ⴼⵕⵚ (FRS).

ⵙⴳ 1931 ⴰⵔ 1949: ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⵕⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⵍ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ, ⴼⵕⵚ (FRS).

ⵙⴳ 1949 ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ: ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⵕⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⵍ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ, ⴼⵕⵚ, ⵓⵎ" (FRS, OM).

ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ

• ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⴽⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵖⵡⴰⴹ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⴽⵔ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵖⴷⵉⵎ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵖⴷⵉⵎ .
• ⵙⴳ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵏⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ .
• ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ,  ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵕⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ.
• ⵓⵔ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉ ⵜⵥⵥⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵙⵙ, ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵖ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ.
• ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⴽ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ,ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
• ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴰ ⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵖⴷ. ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴼ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽ ⵏⵏ ⵍⵓⵃⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⴽ.
• ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵖⴰⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴱⵄⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ .
• ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ , ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ , ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵏ  ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ.
•  ⴰⴷ ⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ(ⵍⵊⵏⵜ) ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴷⴼⵏ ,ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⵓⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ.
• ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵃⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⵀⴹ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ . ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵏ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ.

Bertrand Russell 1954

ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ

• ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ
• ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
• ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ
• ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ
• ⴳⴰⵙⵜⵓⵏ ⴱⴰⵛⵍⴰⵕ
• ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⵍⴹⴰⵏⵜ