ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ
| ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ | |
| ⴰⵔⵉⵙ | ⴰⵡⵜⵎ  |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ | ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | Bertrand Arthur William Russell |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Bertrand Arthur William Russell |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ | Bertrand, Arthur, William |
| ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ | Russell |
| Noble title | count |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | 18 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1872 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ | Trellech |
| ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | 2 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1970 |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | Plas Penrhyn, Penrhyndeudraeth |
| ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ |
| ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ | influenza |
| ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ | John Russell, Viscount Amberley |
| Mother | Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley |
| ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ | Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell |
| ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵏ | Alys Pearsall Smith, Dora Russell, Patricia Russell, Countess Russell, Edith Finch Russell |
| Child | Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell, John Russell, 4th Earl Russell, Katharine Tait, Lady Harriet Russell |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ |
| ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ |
| Writing language | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ |
| Place of detention | HM Prison Brixton |
| Employer | University of California, Los Angeles, Harvard University, University of Chicago, London School of Economics and Political Science |
| Position held | member of the House of Lords |
| ⵉⵍⵎⴷ ⴳ | ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ, Trinity College |
| Doctoral advisor | Alfred North Whitehead |
| Student of | George Frederick Stout |
| Doctoral student | Ludwig Wittgenstein |
| Student | Philip Jourdain |
| ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ | England |
| ⴰⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ | Labour Party, Liberal Party |
| Religion or worldview | Agnosticism |
| Medical condition | influenza |
| ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵕⵛⵉⴼ ⴳ | McMaster University Library, Hong Kong Baptist University Library Special Collections & Archives |
| Movement | analytic philosophy, freethought, Western philosophy |
| Member of | The Royal Society |
| Significant event | Bukken Bruse disaster |
| Nominated for | ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ |
| Time period | contemporary philosophy |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ( ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴳ 1872 ⴳ ⵡⵣⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵓ ⴳ 18 ⴳⵉⵙ . ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ 2 ⴳⵉⵙ ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏ .ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵙⵉⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.[1]
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⴳ ⵕⴰⵢⴼⵏⵚⴽⵕⵓⴼⵜ , ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵉⵛ, ⵎⵓⵏⵎⴰⵡⵜⵛⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⵚⵜⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ . ⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ , ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ 1874, ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵃⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ , ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1876 . ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ/ⵊⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ . ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⴳ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ.
ⴳ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ,ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ,ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏ . ⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵇⵍⵉⴷⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⴰ .
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1890 ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵕⵉⴹⵊ , ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ . ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ .ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1893.
ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1918 ⴳ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⴽⵙⵟⵓⵏ , ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ .ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ .
ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ( german social democracy ). ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ , ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ . ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1903 ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ "ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ .
ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1901-1902 ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵏⵣⵔⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵖⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ "ⵜⴰⵏⵏⵣⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ "
ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ "ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵏ (theory of descriptions) , ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⵖⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ" (on denoting ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1905.
ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ "ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏⵜ " ( logical Atomism) ,ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ . ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ .
ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵡⵉⵜ ( A History of Western Philosophy ) .
ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ :
- ⵎⴰⵅⵅ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵖ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ /ⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉ(1927).
- ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵓ (1925).
- ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ (1935).
- ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ :
- ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ (1927)
- ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ( 1910)[2]
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴽⵙⴰⵢⵏ 1967-1968-1969 .
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ 2 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 97 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ , ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ . ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⴱⵉⵏⵕⵀⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ .
ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ 1908 : ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ .
ⵙⴳ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1908 ⴰⵔ 1931 : ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ , ⴼⵕⵚ , FRS .
ⵙⴳ 1931 ⴰⵍ 1949 : ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⵕⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⵍ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ, ⴼⵕⵚ, FRS .
ⵙⴳ 1949 ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ : ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⵕⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⵍ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ, ⴼⵕⵚ, ⵓⵎ , FRS ,OM .
ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950.[3]
ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⴽⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵖⵡⴰⴹ , ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⴽⵔ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵖⴷⵉⵎ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵖⴷⵉⵎ .
- ⵙⴳ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵏⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ .
- ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ , ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵕⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ .
- ⵓⵔ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉ ⵜⵥⵥⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵙⵙ ,ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵖ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ .
- ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ ⵡⵉⴷⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⴽ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ,ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
- ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴰ ⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵖⴷ. ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴼ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽ ⵏⵏ ⵍⵓⵃⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⴽ.
- ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵖⴰⵜ , ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴱⵄⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ .
- ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ , ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ , ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ .
- ⴰⴷ ⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ(ⵍⵊⵏⵜ) ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴷⴼⵏ ,ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⵓⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ .
- ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵃⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⵀⴹ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ . ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵏ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ.
