ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
ⴰⵥⵕⵓ | |
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ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ | |
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ |
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ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ | ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ |
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ | ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ |
ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵢ | 53100 ⴰⵔ 53104[1] |
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ | |
ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ | 81,350 ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. (2014) |
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ | |
ⴰⵎⵙⵉⴷⴳ | 33°26′30″N 5°13′29″W / 33.44167°N 5.22472°W |
ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ | 5.30ⴽⵎ² |
ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ | 1.278 ⵎ. |
ⴰⵡⵉⴱ | ⴰⵥⵕⵓ.ⵎⴰ |
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ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵜ 89 ⴽⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴷ 68 ⴽⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ. ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⴹ 14 659 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵏ 2014.
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵊⵢⵓⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ : geomorphological) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ.[2]
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵡ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⴰ (Fernão Taveira) ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵟⵇⵇⵉⵣ.[3]
ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉⵜ - ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ - (ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⴽ ⴱⵏⵓ ⵣⵉⵢⴰⴷ) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵄⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵖⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵉⵄⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ "ⴹⴹⴰⵀⵉⵔ ⴰⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵉ" ⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ.[4]
ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ 1956 ⴰⵔ 1973, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⴽ ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⵣⵉⵢⴰⴷ.
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1952 , 20 ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴽⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⴹⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⵔ 1955 ⴷ 1964.[5] ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴳⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1968 ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.[6] ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ "ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵢⵏ" ⴳ 2010.[7]
ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1956 ⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵙⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵎⵛⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ.
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ N13 ⴷ N8 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ N13 ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ N8 ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵙⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ.
ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ 1278 ⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴳⵍ. ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵓ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴽⴰⴽ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉ. ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴹⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ. ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵖⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵓ" ⵏⵖⴷ "ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍ ⴷⴳⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵡ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵡⵔⵓⴱⵉ (ⵉⵙⴼⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵖ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⴰⵖ).
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⵍⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵓⴷⴼⴼⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴼⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵙⵎⵉⵎ.
ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴳ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵉⵔⵖⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴱⵏ, ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ-ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ (Csa), ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵛⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ (Dsa), ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⵙⵙⵍ. ⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵖⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ.
ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵓⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ[8] | |||||||||||||
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ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ | ⵉⵏⵏ | ⴱⵕⴰ | ⵎⴰⵕ | ⵉⴱⵔ | ⵎⴰⵢ | ⵢⵓⵏ | ⵢⵓⵍ | ⵖⵓⵛ | ⵛⵜⴰ | ⴽⵟⵓ | ⵏⵡⴰ | ⴷⵓⵊ | ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ |
ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔⵜ (°C) | −1.4 | -0.5 | 2 | 4.5 | 8 | 12.1 | 15.7 | 15.8 | 12.3 | 8.7 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 6.7 |
ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ (°C) | 3.3 | 4.3 | 7.3 | 10 | 13.7 | 18.5 | 22.4 | 22.2 | 17.7 | 13.5 | 7.5 | 4.9 | 12.1 |
ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ (°C) | 9.3 | 10.3 | 13.5 | 16.1 | 20.1 | 25.3 | 29.5 | 29.3 | 24.2 | 19.5 | 13 | 10.8 | 18.4 |
ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ (mm) | 70 | 68 | 78 | 77 | 64 | 30 | 20 | 24 | 39 | 53 | 74 | 67 | 664 |
ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]-
ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
-
ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⵎⵎⵓⵚ
-
ⵙⵙⵓⵇ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵍⵉ
-
ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ
-
ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵔⵓ
-
ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
-
ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⵙⴰⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵥⵕⵓ
-
ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ
-
ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
-
ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ
-
ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⵡⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⵜⵓⴽⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⴱⵍⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2011 [9]
ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ↑ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ
- ↑ ⴰⵔⵛⵉⴼ
- ↑ "LES SOURCES INEDITES DE L'HISTOIRE DU MAROC PREMIÈRE SÉRIE — DYNASTIE SA'DIENNE ARCHIVES ET BIBLIOTHÈQUES DE PORTUGAL" (PDF)
- ↑ Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62469-5
- ↑ ⵎⴰⵎⵛ "ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ" ⵜⴷⴷⴷⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵜ 50 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ Capacity4dev. European Union. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ↑ ⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴽⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ Archnet. Archnet. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ↑ ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
- ↑ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ (climate-data.org)
- ↑ ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵍⵡⴰ (ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ)