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ⴰⵥⵕⵓ

ⵙⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
ⴰⵥⵕⵓ
ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ
ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵢ 53100 ⴰⵔ 53104[1]
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ
ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ 81,350 ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. (2014)
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
ⴰⵎⵙⵉⴷⴳ 33°26′30″N 5°13′29″W / 33.44167°N 5.22472°W / 33.44167; -5.22472
ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ 5.30ⴽⵎ²
ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ 1.278 ⵎ.
ⴰⵡⵉⴱ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ.ⵎⴰ
Map

ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵜ 89 ⴽⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴷ 68 ⴽⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ. ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⴹ 14 659 ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵏ 2014.

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵊⵢⵓⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ : geomorphological) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ.[2]

ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ

ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵡ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⴰ (Fernão Taveira) ⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵟⵇⵇⵉⵣ.[3]

ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉⵜ - ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ - (ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⴽ ⴱⵏⵓ ⵣⵉⵢⴰⴷ) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵄⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵖⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵉⵄⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ "ⴹⴹⴰⵀⵉⵔ ⴰⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵉ" ⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ.[4]

ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ 1956 ⴰⵔ 1973, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⴽ ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⵣⵉⵢⴰⴷ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1952 , 20 ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴽⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⴹⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⵔ 1955 ⴷ 1964.[5] ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴳⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1968 ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.[6] ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ "ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵢⵏ" ⴳ 2010.[7]

ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1956 ⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵙⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ.

ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵎⵛⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ.

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵙⵙⵓⵇ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ

ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ N13 ⴷ N8 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ N13 ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ N8 ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵙⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ.

ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ 1278 ⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⴷⴳⵍ. ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵓ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴽⴰⴽ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉ. ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴹⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ. ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵖⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵓ" ⵏⵖⴷ "ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍ ⴷⴳⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵡ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵡⵔⵓⴱⵉ (ⵉⵙⴼⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵍⵖ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⴰⵖ).

ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⵍⵉⵎⵓⴷⴼⴼⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴼⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵙⵎⵉⵎ.

ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴳ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵉⵔⵖⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴱⵏ, ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ-ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ (Csa), ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵛⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ (Dsa), ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⵙⵙⵍ. ⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵖⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ.

ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵓⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ[8]
ⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴱⵕⴰ ⵎⴰⵕ ⵉⴱⵔ ⵎⴰⵢ ⵢⵓⵏ ⵢⵓⵍ ⵖⵓⵛ ⵛⵜⴰ ⴽⵟⵓ ⵏⵡⴰ ⴷⵓⵊ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ
ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⴷⴰⵔⵜ (°C) −1.4 -0.5 2 4.5 8 12.1 15.7 15.8 12.3 8.7 3.1 0.4 6.7
ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ (°C) 3.3 4.3 7.3 10 13.7 18.5 22.4 22.2 17.7 13.5 7.5 4.9 12.1
ⵜⵉⵔⵖⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ (°C) 9.3 10.3 13.5 16.1 20.1 25.3 29.5 29.3 24.2 19.5 13 10.8 18.4
ⵉⵎⴹⵕⴰⵏ (mm) 70 68 78 77 64 30 20 24 39 53 74 67 664

ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⵡⵜ

[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]

ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⵜⵓⴽⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ ⴱⵍⵡⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2011 [9]

  1. ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ
  2. ⴰⵔⵛⵉⴼ
  3. "LES SOURCES INEDITES DE L'HISTOIRE DU MAROC PREMIÈRE SÉRIE — DYNASTIE SA'DIENNE ARCHIVES ET BIBLIOTHÈQUES DE PORTUGAL" (PDF)
  4. Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-62469-5
  5. ⵎⴰⵎⵛ "ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ" ⵜⴷⴷⴷⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵜ 50 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ Capacity4dev. European Union. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  6. ⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴽⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ Archnet. Archnet. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  7. ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  8. ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ (climate-data.org)
  9. ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵍⵡⴰ (ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ)