ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ
ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ
ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ( ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ1872 ⴳ ⵡⵣⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵢⵓ ⵖ 18 ⴳⵉⵙ . ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⴳ 2 ⴳⵉⵙ ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴼ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵥⴰⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ .ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵣⴳ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵙⵉⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵜ.
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⴳ ⵕⴰⵢⴼⵏⵙⴽⵕⵓⴼⵜ , ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵉⵛ, ⵎⵓⵏⵎⴰⵡⵜⵛⴰⵢⵕ ⵖ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ ⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴱⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⵚⵜⵓⵇⵕⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ . ⴷ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ , ⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ 1874, ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵃⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ , ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1876 . ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴷ ⴷⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙ(ⵊⴷⴷⵉⵙ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ . ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ.
ⵖ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⵯⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰⵡⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ , ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ,ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵄⵣⵣⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ,ⴷ ⵅⵜⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴷⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵖⵉⵎⴰⵏ . ⴷ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵙ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵇⵍⵉⴷⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⴰ .
ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1890 ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵕⵉⴹⵊ , ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ . ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1893.
ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1918 ⴳ ⵓⵖⵣⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵔⵉⴽⵙⵟⵓⵏ , ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵢⵢⵓⵔⵏ .ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ .
ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵔⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ( german social democracy ). ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ , ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵖⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ . ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1903 ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ "ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ " ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ .
ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1901-1902 ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵏⵣⵔⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵖⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ "ⵜⴰⵏⵏⵣⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ "
ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ "ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵏ (theory of descriptions) , ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴷ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ "ⵅⴼ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ" (on denoting ) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1905.
ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ "ⴰⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏⵜ " ( logical Atomism) ,ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵡⴰⵜⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ . ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ .
ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ :
_ⵎⴰⵅⵅ ⴽⵢⵢⵉ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ(1927)
_ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵓ (1925)
_ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ (1935)
ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ :
_ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ (1927)
_ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ ( 1910)
ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴽⵙⴰⵢⵏ 1967-1968-1969 .
ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1970 ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ ⵖ 2 ⴳⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 97 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ , ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ . ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⴱⵉⵏⵕⵀⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ .
ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ 1908 : ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ .
ⵣⵖ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1908 ⴰⵔ 1931 : ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⴱⵉⵔⵜⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⴰⵕⵜⵕ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ , ⴼⵕⵚ , FRS .
ⵙⴳ 1931 ⴰⵍ 1949 : ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⵕⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⵍ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ, ⴼⵕⵚ, FRS .
ⵙⴳ 1949 ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ : ⵓⵏⵕⴰⴱⵍ ⵕⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵔⵍ ⵕⵓⵚⵍ, ⴼⵕⵚ, ⵓⵎ , FRS ,OM .
ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1950.
ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]• ⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⴽⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵖⵡⴰⴹ , ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⴽⵔ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵖⴷⵉⵎ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵖⴷⵉⵎ .
• ⵙⴳ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵔⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵃⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵏⵏⵖ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⴳⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵖⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ .
• ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ , ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵥⵕⵕⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ .
• ⵓⵔ ⵉⵢⵉ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉ ⵜⵥⵥⵎⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵖ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ .
• ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⴽ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴽ ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ,ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
• ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵣⵣⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙⴷ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴰ ⴼ ⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵖⵜ. ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵉⵙ ⴰ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵣⴰⵖⵜ ⴼ ⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴽ ⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵓⵃⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⴽ.
• ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⵍⵖⴰⵜ , ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴱⵄⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ .
• ⵖ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ , ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⵣⵔⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ , ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴼⵍⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ .
• ⴰⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵡⵉⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ/ⵍⵊⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵖⵏⴷⴼⵏ ,ⵀⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵎⴽⵏⵓⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⵢⴰⵏ .
• ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵉⵣⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵜⴰ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ .ⵃⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⵀⴹ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ . ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵏⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵏ ⵜⴽⵕⴹⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ.