ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ, written work | |
| ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ | 17 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1787  |
| ⴰⵣⵡⵍ | United States Constitution |
| Applies to jurisdiction | ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ |
| Derivative work | Confederate States Constitution |
| ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵉ | Articles of Confederation |
| ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ | United States Constitution, John Carter broadside print, Constitution of the United States of America, United States Constitution (US Statutes at Large), Q117357146, Q119428886 |
| ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ | Constitutional Convention |
| Language of work or name | ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ |
| Has cause | Constitutional Convention |
| Work available at URL | https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution-transcript |
| Effective date | 4 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1789 |
| Date of promulgation | 21 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1788, 13 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1788 |
| Amended by | amendment to the United States Constitution |
| ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ | history of the United States Constitution |
ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ - ⵙⵏⴼⵍ - ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ  | |
ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ (ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Constitution of the United States) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ 1787, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵖⵥⴰⵏ ⴳ 1788, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴳ 1789.[1] ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ. ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ: ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵓⴽⵓⵏⴳⵕⵉⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵣⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ/ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ/ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴹⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴹⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵍⴰⵢⴽⵉ.
ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉ; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵍⵖⴷⴰⴷⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵓⵔⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵛⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ/ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⴷ ⵡⵇⵇⵔⵏⵜ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⴽⵔⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⴼⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵀⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴼⴽⴽⵓⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎ, ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵏⴳⵕⵉⵙ.[2]
ⴰⵙⴰⵜⴰⵍ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 5 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1774 ⴰⵔ 1 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1781 ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵏⴳⵕⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ (1774) ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ (1775-1781) ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵣⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ. ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴻⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵔⵏ (mécontents) ⵙⴳ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⴽⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵢⵓⴳⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵡⵡⴰⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵍ(ⴰⵡⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⴼ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴼⵍⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵣⵎⵔⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵎⵔⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.
ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵓⵏⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ 1776 ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ 1777, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵖⵥⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ 13 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 1781. ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵔⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⴰⴹⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵏⴳⵕⵉⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴱⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⴽⵎ/ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵙⵡⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵀⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵉⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ.
ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵢⵏ "ⵊⵓⵏ ⵍⵓⴽ" "ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵀⵓⴱⵣ" ⴷ "ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴽⵓⴽ", ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵓⵙⵓⴼ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ "ⵊⵓⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵔⵓⵙⵓ". ⴷ ⴼⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵀⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ(ⴼⵔⴽⵏ ⴱⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ), ⴷ ⴼⵔⴽⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴱⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍⵏ.
ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⴽⵉⵜ/ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏ "ⵏⴽⴽⵏⵉ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ "[3], ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵕⴱⴱⵉ". ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵖⴼ "ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵏⵃⵢⵓⵜ" ⴳⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵖⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⴽⵟⵟⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⴹⵕⵚ ⵓⵙⵏⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵏⴳⵕⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵣⵔⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
ⵜⴰⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵙ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵏⴼⵍⵙ"
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰ ⵜⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ "ⵙ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵏⴼⵍⵙ" ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ/ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴼⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ.ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵀⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1782.
ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴷⵖⵉ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1791 ⵙ ⵓⵔⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵙ "ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ" (Bill of Rights). ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵏ ⴰⵙⴹⴼⵕ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵍ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ/ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵄⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵣⵣⵏⵣⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵖⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⴳ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵉⵀⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵉ(ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ), ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴼⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴳⵍⴰ(ⴰⵢⴷⴰ)ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⴼⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴳⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵕⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⴼ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⵉⵏⴰⴳⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⴼ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵖ.[4]
ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ
[ⵙⵏⴼⵍ | ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ]- ^ U.S. Senate: Constitution of the United States. www.senate.gov.ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.
- ^ ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.
- ^ دستور الولايــــات المتحـدة الأمريكـية- جامعة منيسوتا، مكتبة حقوق الإنسان. hrlibrary.umn.edu. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.
- ^ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ, SIIR, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 15 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025.
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